I am working on a python project and have generated tons of python scripts. I would like to put them in different directories for organization. My question is how can I import scripts form parent directories.
I want to be able to do
import ../utl/server.py
How can I achieve this, thanks in advance.
Do this as:
from ..utl import server
However, note that that kind of relative import works only in certain situations. See the documentation for more details).
You can append to your PYTHONPATH and import it normally like this:
import sys
sys.path.append('..') # using an absolute path may be more robust.
import server
Related
When I try to import views from .views, it gives me the error saying 'attempted relative import with no known parent package.
It does the same thing when I try to import Users from .models
here is the code
from .views import views #NOT WORKING
app.register_blueprint(views, url_prefix='/')
from .models import Users #not working either
createdatabase(app)
I am a beginner programmer and is trying to make a website using flask and python. I have searched but don't know how to solve this issue. If you do know how to please help me. Thanks
Welcome to Stack Overflow :)
I usually put all my code files into one parent folder (I usually call it src) and then make subfolders from there if needed. I think python doesn't allow relative imports when it is directly in the root folder (please correct me if I'm wrong). Also keep in mind, that all your folders that contain python scripts (that you want to import anywhere else in your program) need to have a __init__.py file. It can be empty and it's just a somewhat magical way to tell python in which folders to look for scripts.
I downloaded a Python library from Github that contains multiple files. In the __init__.py none of these files are imported like from .xyz import xyz_class. So I thought the user probably expected to load all required classes directly. However when I tried this with one of the classes it was not able to import it properly, as it misses other classes from this library. What feels odd for me is that the beginning of this class looks like
from copy import deepcopy
from collections import OrderedDict
from fields import Fields
where fields.py is one of the files in the folder of the library. I would have thought this file should be imported using from .fields import Fields, but as the dot is missing in several other imports as well I don't think the creator did this unintentionally. So now I am wondering how can I import these classes as the library intents without the . or do I need to add it?
There is a question like mine in the link below:
creating python package with multiple level of folders
However, after following the answers to the question and trying some other things that I thought might work I did not succeed.
I have created a working package with a number of functions here:
https://github.com/aaronengland/prestige
In the prestige directory is an init.py file containing some classes and functions. I have a class named preprocessing and I can call any of the functions from that class using:
from prestige import preprocessing as pre
And then (for example):
pre.Binaritizer()
However, I want to be able to import those functions using:
import prestige.preprocessing as pre
Using the first link (above) I was unsuccessful in doing this. I feel like it should be a simple solution, but for some reason I have not been able to get it to work. Can someone please show me how to make this possible? Thank you in advance!
I was able to solve the problem by organizing the file structure as follows:
prestige
setup.py
init.py
general.py
preprocessing.py
setup.py was set up as I normally do, general.py contains functions/classes, and preprocessing.py contains functions/classes. The init.py file contains 2 lines of code:
from .preprocessing import * and from .general import *
So, I did not create new directories, I just divided my functions into separate .py files and imported them into my init.py file.
Now, I am able to import functions using, for example:
from prestige.preprocessing import Binaritizer
Hopefully this helps someone in the future with a similar question.
The package can be accessed here.
I have the following structure in my project:
Python-auto-tests
Business Layer
Yandex
__init__.py
Authorization.py
Yandex_requests.py
Documents
venv
In "Authorization.py" file I have only 1 method
In "Yandex_requests.py" I trying to import "Authorization.py" module:
import Authorization
But I get following error:
"No module" named Authorization
My PATHONPATH environment variable is set to project path:
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests
Also I check my sys.path and it looks fine, my folders are here:
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\venv\Scripts\python.exe "C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\Business Layer\Yandex\Yandex_requests.py"
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\Business Layer\Yandex
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests
C:\Users\anduser\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\python37.zip
C:\Users\anduser\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\DLLs
C:\Users\anduser\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\lib
C:\Users\anduser\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\venv
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\venv\lib\site-packages
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools-40.8.0-py3.7.egg
C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests\venv\lib\site-packages\pip-19.0.3-py3.7.egg
Can you help me solve this issue? I just can't understand why Python doesn't see my module.
In the official Python documentation there is example how to import module from the same folder and I do the same.
You have two problems here. Let's tackle the one you are aware of first.
You say you have set PYTHONPATH=C:\Users\anduser\Python-auto-tests. As such, any imports you make must be relative to that path. For example, instead of import Authorization, you have to do from Business Layer.Yandex import Authorization.
Your second problem, and I think you are unaware of it, is Business Layer. Using default import methods, Python does not handle spaces in directory of module names. (Note that it also does not handle hyphens and several other special characters). You should change that folder to something like BusinessLayer or Business_Layer. Refer to Package and Module Names from the PEP8 -- Style Guide for Python Code for more information on naming conventions for different Python constructs.
Ultimately, as long as your PYTHONPATH remains the same, the import should be written as something like from BusinessLayer.Yandex import Authorization.
My apologies for a seemingly easy question, I'm new to using classes in Python.
I am using Pycharm and my folder structure looks as follows:
The folder constant-contact-python-wrapper has a few classes defined under __init.py__ and restful_lib.py (I got this library from github). I would like to use these classes in the file Trial.py contained in ConstantContact folder. I am using the following code but it is not able to import the class.
import sys
sys.path.append('C:\\Users\\psinghal\\PycharmProjects\\ConstantContact\\constant-contact-python-wrapper')
import constant-contact-python-wrapper
API_KEY = "KEY" #not a valid key
mConnection = CTCTConnection(API_KEY, "joe", "password123")
Would someone please be able to point me to the right direction?
Part of the problem that you're trying to rectify is that you have two libraries that are together in the same scope, even though it doesn't look they necessarily need to be.
The simplest solution would be to simple put constant-contact-python-wrapper in the ConstantContact folder under a new folder for code you will be importing that you yourself did not write. This way your project is organized for this instance and for future instances where you import code that is from another library
Ideally the folder structure would be:
ConstantContact
|___ ConstantContact
|____ExternalLibraries #(or some name similar if you plan on using different libraries)
|___constant-contact-python-wrapper
Using the above model, you now have an organized hierarchy to accommodate imported code very easily.
To facilitate easy importing you would additionally setup the following:
1.Create init.py file in ExternalLibraries. The contents would be the following:
from constant-contact-python-wrapper import #The class or function you want to use
This will facilitate imports and can be extended for future libraries you choose to use.
You can then use import statements in your code written in the ConstantContact folder :
from ExternalLibraries import #The class or function you chose above
if you have multiple classes you would like to import, you can seperate them in your import statement with commas. For example:
from Example import foo,bar,baz
Since the init.py file in ExternalLibraries is import all functions/classes directly, you can use them now without even having to use dot syntax (ie. library.func).
Sources and further reading:
"all and import *" Can someone explain __all__ in Python?
"Python Project Skeleton" http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/ex46.html
"Modules" http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/structure/#modules
constant-contact-python-wrapper and ConstantContact are unrelated packages for python. Create a __init__.py in the same directory as manage.py and it should work as expected.