Develop Reference

Python, Pycharm Flask import from package naming issues

I have a directory structure for my Flask-Dash app:
I am following this tutorial: https://dash.plotly.com/integrating-dash
to combine one or more Dash apps with a Flask app.
But in wsgi.py, it could not find a reference for dash_app2.py until I renamed it using Roman numerals dash_appII.py.
Is there a naming convention in Python where two files in the same package or directory cannot have similar names like dash_app1.py and dash_app2.py?
It could not even find a reference to dash_app2.py in the __init__.py file in that directory which now looks like:
from .dash_app1 import dash_app1
from .dash_appII import dash_app2
I don't really want to use Roman numerals.
`

Are you importing dash_app1 somewhere else in your app? I've found that the explicit relative import can sometimes cause namespace collisions if you use it after importing the packages somewhere else with a non-explicit import. Worth a shot to take a look or simply remove the . explicit and give it a go. All else hold equal, you shouldn't have issues importing the numeric versions of your files.

How to create a Python package with multiple directories

There is a question like mine in the link below:
creating python package with multiple level of folders
However, after following the answers to the question and trying some other things that I thought might work I did not succeed.
I have created a working package with a number of functions here:
https://github.com/aaronengland/prestige
In the prestige directory is an init.py file containing some classes and functions. I have a class named preprocessing and I can call any of the functions from that class using:
from prestige import preprocessing as pre
And then (for example):
pre.Binaritizer()
However, I want to be able to import those functions using:
import prestige.preprocessing as pre
Using the first link (above) I was unsuccessful in doing this. I feel like it should be a simple solution, but for some reason I have not been able to get it to work. Can someone please show me how to make this possible? Thank you in advance!

I was able to solve the problem by organizing the file structure as follows:
prestige
setup.py
init.py
general.py
preprocessing.py
setup.py was set up as I normally do, general.py contains functions/classes, and preprocessing.py contains functions/classes. The init.py file contains 2 lines of code:
from .preprocessing import * and from .general import *
So, I did not create new directories, I just divided my functions into separate .py files and imported them into my init.py file.
Now, I am able to import functions using, for example:
from prestige.preprocessing import Binaritizer
Hopefully this helps someone in the future with a similar question.
The package can be accessed here.

How to import my own modules into a scrapy project?

I am trying to write a scrapy spider with multiple pipelines. I select which pipeline to use with an attribute of the spider. The attribute is of an enum type I wrote myself. The problem now is importing that enum in the pipeline classes. Every time I try to import it I get the following error:
from data.file_types import FileTypes
builtins.ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'data'
I already tried different variations to place the enum class and switched between relative and absolute imports. If I place the enum class in a own package independent of the scrapy package I can import and use the enum if I run the pipeline files directly but I still get an error if I want to run the spider over the shell.
My current project structure is:
noveldownloader:
data
enum_file.py
__init__.py
novelscraper
novelscraper
pipelines
spiders
etc
__init__.py
scrapy.cfg
And my current import is:
from data.file_types import FileTypes
If it helps I uploaded my code to GitHub:
https://github.com/JustACodingFox/NovelDownloader

One alternative folder structure that worked for me, while modularising my code was this.
create new folder 'data' inside ./noveldownloader/noveldownloader/
then you can import it like this
from noveldownloader.data import enum_file
and then you can consume this function by
enum_file.whatever_function_to_call()

Using a class from another folder in the current code

My apologies for a seemingly easy question, I'm new to using classes in Python.
I am using Pycharm and my folder structure looks as follows:
The folder constant-contact-python-wrapper has a few classes defined under __init.py__ and restful_lib.py (I got this library from github). I would like to use these classes in the file Trial.py contained in ConstantContact folder. I am using the following code but it is not able to import the class.
import sys
sys.path.append('C:\\Users\\psinghal\\PycharmProjects\\ConstantContact\\constant-contact-python-wrapper')
import constant-contact-python-wrapper
API_KEY = "KEY" #not a valid key
mConnection = CTCTConnection(API_KEY, "joe", "password123")
Would someone please be able to point me to the right direction?

Part of the problem that you're trying to rectify is that you have two libraries that are together in the same scope, even though it doesn't look they necessarily need to be.
The simplest solution would be to simple put constant-contact-python-wrapper in the ConstantContact folder under a new folder for code you will be importing that you yourself did not write. This way your project is organized for this instance and for future instances where you import code that is from another library
Ideally the folder structure would be:
ConstantContact
|___ ConstantContact
|____ExternalLibraries #(or some name similar if you plan on using different libraries)
|___constant-contact-python-wrapper
Using the above model, you now have an organized hierarchy to accommodate imported code very easily.
To facilitate easy importing you would additionally setup the following:
1.Create init.py file in ExternalLibraries. The contents would be the following:
from constant-contact-python-wrapper import #The class or function you want to use
This will facilitate imports and can be extended for future libraries you choose to use.
You can then use import statements in your code written in the ConstantContact folder :
from ExternalLibraries import #The class or function you chose above
if you have multiple classes you would like to import, you can seperate them in your import statement with commas. For example:
from Example import foo,bar,baz
Since the init.py file in ExternalLibraries is import all functions/classes directly, you can use them now without even having to use dot syntax (ie. library.func).
Sources and further reading:
"all and import *" Can someone explain __all__ in Python?
"Python Project Skeleton" http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/ex46.html
"Modules" http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/structure/#modules

constant-contact-python-wrapper and ConstantContact are unrelated packages for python. Create a __init__.py in the same directory as manage.py and it should work as expected.

python import (project organization)

I am working on a python project and have generated tons of python scripts. I would like to put them in different directories for organization. My question is how can I import scripts form parent directories.
I want to be able to do
import ../utl/server.py
How can I achieve this, thanks in advance.

Do this as:
from ..utl import server
However, note that that kind of relative import works only in certain situations. See the documentation for more details).

You can append to your PYTHONPATH and import it normally like this:
import sys
sys.path.append('..') # using an absolute path may be more robust.
import server