Develop Reference

I have problem with import class from another (Python)

The problem is that I can not import class from another folder. Class that I want to import in LoginPage.py.
# login.py
from selenium import webdriver
import time
import unittest
from Selenium.POMProjectDemo.Pages.LoginPage import LoginPage
class loginTest(unittest.TestCase):
#classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
cls.driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='D:\python\Selenium\chrome_driver\chromedriver.exe')#, options = webdriver.ChromeOptions())
#options.add_experimental_option('excludeSwitches', ['enable-logging'])
cls.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
cls.driver.maximize_window()
def test_01_login_valid(self):
driver = self.driver
driver.get('https://vk.com/')
login = LoginPage(driver)
login.enter_user_name()
login.enter_user_password()
login.login_button
#classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
cls.driver.close()
cls.driver.quit()
print('test completed')
#Loginpage.py
from Selenium.POMProjectDemo.Locators.Locators import locators
from auth_data import vk_password,vk_login
from POMProjectDemo.Locators import Locators
class LoginPage():
def __init__(self, driver):
self.driver = driver
self.index_email_id = locators.index_email_id
self.index_pass_id = locators.index_pass_id
self.loginButton_id = locators.loginButton_id
def enter_user_name(self):
self.driver.find_element_by_id(self.loginField_id).clear()
self.driver.find_element_by_id(self.loginField_id).send_keys(vk_login)
def enter_user_password(self):
self.driver.find_element_by_id(self.passwordField_id).clear()
self.driver.find_element_by_id(self.passwordField_id).send_keys(vk_password)
def login_button(self):
self.driver.find_element_by_id(self.loginButton_id).click()
Error:
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'Selenium'

The way python figures out import paths is to first look at entries in sys.path and check if the module you are trying to import is accessible from any of the paths. It will stop at the first path under which your module is found.
e.g.
>>> sys.path
['', '/home/bhakta/dev/sonar/controller/venv/lib/python37.zip', '/home/bhakta/dev/sonar/controller/venv/lib/python3.7', '/home/bhakta/dev/sonar/controller/venv/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python3.7', '/home/bhakta/dev/sonar/controller/venv/lib/python3.7/site-packages']
Let's say you have a module called "some_module" in /tmp
➜ ll /tmp/some_module
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bhakta bhakta 29 Jan 11 11:39 __init__.py
➜ cat /tmp/some_module/__init__.py
def foo():
print("Hello")
➜ python
Python 3.7.10 (default, Oct 19 2021, 17:50:56)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append("/tmp")
>>> import some_module
>>>
>>>
>>> some_module.foo()
Hello
Now, lets say you have
➜ ll /var/tmp/some_module
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bhakta bhakta 45 Jan 11 11:43 __init__.py
➜ cat /var/tmp/some_module/__init__.py
def foo():
print("From var/tmp Hello")
And you do:
➜ python
Python 3.7.10 (default, Oct 19 2021, 17:50:56)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append("/tmp")
>>> sys.path.append("/var/tmp")
>>>
>>>
>>> import some_module
>>>
>>>
>>> some_module.foo()
Hello
Notice that python found the first system path (/tmp) where some_module was found.
Thus:
➜ python
Python 3.7.10 (default, Oct 19 2021, 17:50:56)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append("/var/tmp")
>>> sys.path.append("/tmp")
>>> import some_module
>>>
>>> some_module.foo()
From var/tmp Hello

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'my_app'. Even with __init__.py

This is my project structure.
├─demo_data
├─findb
│ └─__pycache__
├─management
└─tw_equity
├─migrations
│ └─__pycache__
└─__pycache__
Now I try to insert demo data to my models.
So I create commands.pyfor the process.
# ./management/commands.py
from datetime import datetime
from tw_equity.models import (
TradingDate,
Basic,
Price,
Holder,
)
with open('demo_data/trading_date.csv') as f:
for row in f:
data = datetime.strptime(row, "%Y-%m-%d").date()
trading_date = TradingDate(
trading_date=data
)
trading_date.save()
print('Insert Successfully.')
But the error keeps showing up.
(Findb) C:\Users\ycyta\python-django-Findb>management\commands.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\ycyta\python-django-Findb\management\commands.py", line 2, in <module>
from tw_equity.models import (
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'tw_equity'
Already tried
python manage.py shell, it is all good.
(Findb) C:\Users\ycyta\python-django-Findb>python manage.py shell
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from tw_equity.models import TradingDate
>>> TradingDate
<class 'tw_equity.models.TradingDate'>
Mostly similar questions before were concerned about __ini__.py, but I already have.
Thanks for helping.

PyMuPDF Pixmap tobytes() returns attribute error

I'm following the documentation and using the latest PyMuPDF (1.18.13). However Pixmap.tobytes() isn't working for me:
zoom = 2 # zoom factor
mat = fitz.Matrix(zoom, zoom)
pix = page.getPixmap(matrix = mat)
stream = pix.tobytes(output="png")
AttributeError: 'Pixmap' object has no attribute 'tobytes'
Example of documentation:
What might be the issue here?

I am PyMuPDF's maintainer.
What is your configuration? I just tried your code on Windows and Linux each with v1.18.13 and it work.
Python 3.8.5 (default, Jan 27 2021, 15:41:15)
[GCC 9.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import fitz
>>> fitz.version
('1.18.13', '1.18.0', '20210505063222')
>>> doc=fitz.open("v110-changes.pdf")
>>> page=doc[0]
>>> pix=page.get_pixmap()
>>> b=pix.tobytes()
>>>
Windows:
Python 3.6.6 (v3.6.6:4cf1f54eb7, Jun 27 2018, 03:37:03) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import fitz
>>> fitz.version
('1.18.13', '1.18.0', '20210505063222')
>>> doc=fitz.open("v110-changes.pdf")
>>> page=doc[0]
>>> pix=page.get_pixmap()
>>> b = pix.tobytes()
>>>

Empty variables when working with OS library

I tried multiple times to make this work without results, here's the code
import os, sys
try:
with open("syscore.lib", "r") as confFile:
readConfFile = confFile.readlines()
fileExist = True
except:
fileExist = False
if fileExist is True:
method = "r"
else:
method = "w"
for _ in range(2):
with open("syscore.lib", method) as confFile:
try:
readConfFile = confFile.readlines()
except:
confFile.write(os.system("python --version").replace("Python ", ""))
print(readConfFile)
The problem come again in a similar way down here
import os
test = [str(os.system('python --version'))]
test1 = os.system('python --version')
print('PV: '+str(test1))
print('Python Version: '+test[0])
Can anyone help me with this?
Thanks

As noted in the relevant thread here, os.system() returns the process exit value. 0 means success. If you want to capture the printed output, use os.popen() instead:
import os
python_version = os.popen("python -V").read().strip()
And the output is 'Python 3.6.6'.
Hope this helps.

if you only want to get python version then try,
Python 2.7.12 (default, Nov 12 2018, 14:36:49)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version_info
sys.version_info(major=2, minor=7, micro=12, releaselevel='final', serial=0)
>>> version = "{}.{}.{}".format(*sys.version_info)
'2.7.12'
>>>
you will get in python3,
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 12 2018, 13:43:14)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> "{}.{}.{}".format(*sys.version_info)
'3.5.2'
>>>
or you can use,
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version
'3.5.2 (default, Nov 12 2018, 13:43:14) \n[GCC 5.4.0 20160609]'
>>>

Is 'file' a keyword in python?

Is file a keyword in python?
I've seen some code using the keyword file just fine, while others have suggested not to use it and my editor is color coding it as a keyword.

No, file is not a keyword:
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.iskeyword('file')
False
The name is not present in Python 3. In Python 2, file is a built-in:
>>> import __builtin__, sys
>>> hasattr(__builtin__, 'file')
True
>>> sys.version_info[:2]
(2, 7)
It can be seen as an alias for open(), but it was removed in Python 3, where the new io framework replaced it. Technically, it is the type of object returned by the Python 2 open() function.

file is neither a keyword nor a builtin in Python 3.
>>> import keyword
>>> 'file' in keyword.kwlist
False
>>> import builtins
>>> 'file' in dir(builtins)
False
file is also used as variable example from Python 3 doc.
with open('spam.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write('Spam and eggs!')

As others suggested, type in Python 3 it is not defined by default:
Python 3.8.10 (default, Nov 14 2022, 12:59:47)
[GCC 9.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> file
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'file' is not defined
The color coding in VS Code and possibly other editors probably refers to Python 2, where it is defined by default, it is the type returned by open():
Python 2.7.18 (default, Jul 1 2022, 12:27:04)
[GCC 9.4.0] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> file
<type 'file'>