I'm quite new to python and still learning. I am currently have some difficulties using the import function in python. script2.py contains functions that enable me to use my OLED display. I currently have problems as when def primitives is called, I get an error that says it has not been defined.
The functions from this script (script2.py) are what I want to import to script1.py (primitives, main):
import time
import datetime
from luma.core.render import canvas
def primitives(device, draw):
# First define some constants to allow easy resizing of shapes.
padding = 2
shape_width = 20
top = padding
bottom = device.height - padding - 1
# Move left to right keeping track of the current x position for drawing shapes.
x = padding
# Write two lines of text.
size = draw.textsize('World!')
x = device.width - padding - size[0]
draw.rectangle((x, top + 4, x + size[0], top + size[1]), fill="black")
draw.rectangle((x, top + 16, x + size[0], top + 16 + size[1]), fill="black")
draw.text((device.width - padding - size[0], top + 4), 'Hello', fill="cyan")
draw.text((device.width - padding - size[0], top + 16), 'World1!', fill="purple")
time.sleep(5)
def main():
from luma.core.interface.serial import spi
from luma.core.render import canvas
from luma.oled.device import ssd1351
serial = spi(device=0, port=0, gpio_DC=20)
device = ssd1351(serial)
device.width=128
device.height=128
print("Testing basic canvas graphics...")
for _ in range(2):
with canvas(device) as draw:
primitives(device, draw)
print("Drawing stuff 1")
time.sleep(3)
print("Testing clear display...")
time.sleep(1)
device.clear()
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
main()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
The script that is importing these functions (script1.py1) is:
import time
import otherscript
variable_intermediate=1
while True:
if variable_intermediate==1:
from script2 import primitives, main #does not seem to work
main()
primitives (device, draw) #error printed in terminal, it says draw not defined
time.sleep(0.01)
Try this :
Script1.py
import time
import otherscript
variable_intermediate=1
while True:
if variable_intermediate==1:
from script2 import primitives, main
main() # this is the line you're missing
time.sleep(0.01)
Related
I'm a novice coder working on a small generative art exercise to make space-invader sprites, have been stuck on this for a while even though it's probably a trivial problem. The goal of the code is to allow the user to define their own inputs in the command line for a grid of sprite characters, like this:
python spritething.py [SPRITE_DIMENSIONS] [NUMBER] [IMAGE_SIZE]
'''
import PIL, sys, random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
origDimension = 1500
r = lambda: random.randint(50,255)
rc = lambda: ('#%02X%02X%02X' % (r(),r(),r()))
listSym = []
def create_square(border, draw, randColor, element, size):
if (element == int(size/2)):
draw.rectangle(border, randColor)
elif (len(listSym) == element+1):
draw.rectangle(border,listSym.pop())
else:
listSym.append(randColor)
draw.rectangle(border, randColor)
def create_invader(border, draw, size):
x0, y0, x1, y1 = border
squareSize = (x1-x0)/size
randColors = [rc(), rc(), rc(), (0,0,0), (0,0,0), (0,0,0)]
i = 1
for y in range(0, size):
i *= -1
element = 0
for x in range(0, size):
topLeftX = x*squareSize + x0
topLeftY = y*squareSize + y0
botRightX = topLeftX + squareSize
botRightY = topLeftY + squareSize
create_square((topLeftX, topLeftY, botRightX, botRightY), draw, random.choice(randColors), element, size)
if (element == int(size/2) or element == 0):
i *= -1;
element += i
def main(size, invaders, imgSize):
origDimension = imgSize
origImage = Image.new('RGB', (origDimension, origDimension))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(origImage)
invaderSize = origDimension/invaders
padding = invaderSize/size
for x in range(0, invaders):
for y in range(0, invaders):
topLeftX = x*invaderSize + padding/2
topLeftY = y*invaderSize + padding/2
botRightX = topLeftX + invaderSize - padding
botRightY = topLeftY + invaderSize - padding
create_invader((topLeftX, topLeftY, botRightX, botRightY), draw, size)
origImage.save("Examples/Example-"+str(size)+"x"+str(size)+"-"+str(invaders)+"-"+str(imgSize)+".jpg")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(int(sys.argv[1]), int(sys.argv[2]), int(sys.argv[3]))
'''
When I run this code I get a value error from the last line where the argv's are soposed to go. but I'm not sure where I'm going wrong upstream. Any help greatly appreciated.
'''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call
15
16 if __name__ == "__main__":
---> 17 main(int(sys.argv[1]), int(sys.argv[2]), int(sys.argv[3]))
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '--ip=127.0.0.1'
'''
Assuming you've got a Python script script.py:
import sys
print(sys.argv)
And you run it from the terminal via:
python script.py firstarg 123 thirdarg
The output will be:
['script.py', 'firstarg', '123', 'thirdarg']
Notice: sys.argv is a list of strings, where each string represents one of the command line arguments passed in when the script was initially executed. Also notice that the first command line argument will always be a string with the script file's name. Even if you run the same script with no "custom" command line arguments, your program will always get at least one command line argument by default (the script's name.)
EDIT - Here is the image that's generated when I run your script (no changes):
I am having some problems with multi-process in Xlib.thread or ImageGrab.
When I put like 3 or more references to get (getPixel and locateOnScreen(pyautogui)) in multi threads, it works fast and without errors initially, but 2 or 3 hours later the commands are getting slow and an error appears in the cmd warning that "it can't happen!"
Here's an example of the code:
from PIL import ImageGrab, Image
from pymouse import PyMouse
from pykeyboard import PyKeyboard
import time
m = PyMouse()
k = PyKeyboard()
def start(self):
if self.hotkeyEscolhidaManaTraining != None:
self.isManaTrainingOn = True
if self.isManaTrainingOn:
self.timerstartManaTraining=Interval.set_interval(self.startManaTraining, 1)
def startManaTraining(self):
if self.runningTimerManaTraining == True:
self.timerstartManaTraining.cancel()
return
self.runningTimerManaTraining = True
ManaTrainingBox = pyautogui.locateOnScreen('Pics/heal/manaLow.png', 0.8, True)
startBoxLeft = ManaTrainingBox[0]+2
self.startBoxTopManaTraining = ManaTrainingBox[1]+5
pixeisTotais = 92
if self.isManaTrainingOn:
pixelManaTraining = (self.porcentagemEscolhidaManaTraining * pixeisTotais) / 100
self.endBoxLeftManaTraining = startBoxLeft + pixelManaTraining
self.timerManaTraining = Interval.set_interval(self.validateManaTraining, 0.5)
def validateManaTraining(self):
if self.isManaTrainingOn:
pixelRGB = ImageGrab.getPixel((self.endBoxLeftManaTraining, self.startBoxTopManaTraining))
if not self.validatePixelsMana(pixelRGB):
pyautogui.press(self.hotkeyEscolhidaManaTraining)
return
and others 10 code like this in multi-threads, have a way to get all pixels and PNGs in just one 'locateOnScreen' without saving the img?
This is my current project (Python 3.8). Your supposed to be able to draw things on your screen. This is not my full version. Its just for explanation purposes. The problem is that if you run run.py it doesn't clear the screen. Shouldn't the new Frame just push the old one out of frame? Do you know what my problem is?
main.py:
import os
import time
from datetime import datetime
import logging
import ctypes
class ConsoleGameEngine:
def __init__(self, windowWidth, windowHeight):
logging.basicConfig(filename=f'debug\{datetime.now().strftime("%H-%M-%S")}-main.log',level=logging.DEBUG)
self.screenWidth = windowWidth
self.screenHeight = windowHeight
self.var = ""
self.pixel = u"\u2591"#u"\u25A1"
self.lightShade = u"\u2591"
self.mediumShade = u"\u2592"
self.darkShade = u"\u2593"
os.system(f'mode con: cols={self.windowWidth} lines={self.windowHeight}')
"""
SCREEN ACCESS:
self.screen[y][x]
"""
self.clearScreenVar = [[" " for w in range(self.screenWidth)] for h in range(self.screenHeight)]
self.screen = self.clearScreenVar
def clearScreen(self):
"""
for y in range(self.windowHeight):
for x in range(self.windowHeight):
self.screen[y][x] = " "
"""
self.screen = self.clearScreenVar
def drawPixel(self,x,y,shade=u"\u2591"):
try:
self.screen[y][x] = shade
except Exception as e:
logging.warning(datetime.now().strftime("%H:%M:%S~")+str(e)+f"~Failed drawing pixel at x: {x} and/or y: {y}")
def sleep(self, t = 1):
time.sleep(t)
def printScreen(self):
print("".join(["".join(x) for x in self.screen]))
run.py:
from main import ConsoleGameEngine
win = ConsoleGameEngine(120, 40)
x = 0
while True:
win.drawPixel(x,20)
win.printScreen()
win.sleep(0.1)
win.clearScreen()
x += 1
These days I have tried to generate an application using the pythonapp template from the Github project Jumpstarter(https://github.com/aldebaran/robot-jumpstarter) to do the localization of Pepper. My basic idea is to combine the LandmarkDetector module in the generated app „Lokalisierung“(Localization of German).
You can read the whole code of "LandmarkDetector.py","main.py" and"MainLandmarkDetection.py" here:
"LandmarkDetector.py":
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: UTF-8 -*-
"""Example: Demonstrates a way to localize the robot with
ALLandMarkDetection"""
import qi
import time
import sys
import argparse
import math
import almath
class LandmarkDetector(object):
"""
We first instantiate a proxy to the ALLandMarkDetection module
Note that this module should be loaded on the robot's naoqi.
The module output its results in ALMemory in a variable
called "LandmarkDetected".
We then read this ALMemory value and check whether we get
interesting things.
After that we get the related position of the landmark compared to robot.
"""
def __init__(self, app):
"""
Initialisation of qi framework and event detection.
"""
super(LandmarkDetector, self).__init__()
app.start()
session = app.session
# Get the service ALMemory.
self.memory = session.service("ALMemory")
# Connect the event callback.
# Get the services ALMotion & ALRobotPosture.
self.motion_service = session.service("ALMotion")
self.posture_service = session.service("ALRobotPosture")
self.subscriber = self.memory.subscriber("LandmarkDetected")
print "self.subscriber = self.memory.subscriber(LandmarkDetected)"
self.subscriber.signal.connect(self.on_landmark_detected)
print "self.subscriber.signal.connect(self.on_landmark_detected)"
# Get the services ALTextToSpeech, ALLandMarkDetection and ALMotion.
self.tts = session.service("ALTextToSpeech")
self.landmark_detection = session.service("ALLandMarkDetection")
# print "self.landmark_detection" is repr(self.landmark_detection)
self.motion_service = session.service("ALMotion")
self.landmark_detection.subscribe("LandmarkDetector", 500, 0.0 )
print "self.landmark_detection.subscribe(LandmarkDetector, 500, 0.0 )"
self.got_landmark = False
# Set here the size of the landmark in meters.
self.landmarkTheoreticalSize = 0.06 #in meters 0 #.05 or 0.06?
# Set here the current camera ("CameraTop" or "CameraBottom").
self.currentCamera = "CameraTop"
def on_landmark_detected(self, markData):
"""
Callback for event LandmarkDetected.
"""
while markData == [] : # empty value when the landmark disappears
self.got_landmark = False
self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, 0.1 * math.pi)
if not self.got_landmark: # only speak the first time a landmark appears
self.got_landmark = True
#stop.motion_service.moveTo
print "Ich sehe eine Landmarke! "
self.tts.say("Ich sehe eine Landmarke! ")
# Retrieve landmark center position in radians.
wzCamera = markData[1][0][0][1]
wyCamera = markData[1][0][0][2]
# Retrieve landmark angular size in radians.
angularSize = markData[1][0][0][3]
# Compute distance to landmark.
distanceFromCameraToLandmark = self.landmarkTheoreticalSize / ( 2 * math.tan( angularSize / 2))
# Get current camera position in NAO space.
transform = self.motion_service.getTransform(self.currentCamera, 2, True)
transformList = almath.vectorFloat(transform)
robotToCamera = almath.Transform(transformList)
# Compute the rotation to point towards the landmark.
cameraToLandmarkRotationTransform = almath.Transform_from3DRotation(0, wyCamera, wzCamera)
# Compute the translation to reach the landmark.
cameraToLandmarkTranslationTransform = almath.Transform(distanceFromCameraToLandmark, 0, 0)
# Combine all transformations to get the landmark position in NAO space.
robotToLandmark = robotToCamera * cameraToLandmarkRotationTransform *cameraToLandmarkTranslationTransform
# robotTurnAroundAngle = almath.rotationFromAngleDirection(0, 1, 1, 1)
# print "robotTurnAroundAngle = ", robotTurnAroundAngle
print "x " + str(robotToLandmark.r1_c4) + " (in meters)"
print "y " + str(robotToLandmark.r2_c4) + " (in meters)"
print "z " + str(robotToLandmark.r3_c4) + " (in meters)"
def run(self):
"""
Loop on, wait for events until manual interruption.
"""
# Wake up robot
self.motion_service.wakeUp()
# Send robot to Pose Init
self.posture_service.goToPosture("StandInit", 0.5)
# Example showing how to get a simplified robot position in world.
useSensorValues = False
result = self.motion_service.getRobotPosition(useSensorValues)
print "Robot Position", result
# Example showing how to use this information to know the robot's diplacement.
useSensorValues = False
# initRobotPosition = almath.Pose2D(self.motion_service.getRobotPosition(useSensorValues))
# Make the robot move
for i in range(1, 12, 1):
self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, 0.1 * math.pi)
print "self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, (0.1)*math.pi)"
print "Starting LandmarkDetector"
try:
while True:
time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print "Interrupted by user, stopping LandmarkDetector"
self.landmark_detection.unsubscribe("LandmarkDetector")
#stop
sys.exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--ip", type=str, default="10.0.0.10",
help="Robot IP address. On robot or Local Naoqi: use
'10.0.0.10'.")
parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=9559,
help="Naoqi port number")
args = parser.parse_args()
try:
# Initialize qi framework.
connection_url = "tcp://" + args.ip + ":" + str(args.port)
app = qi.Application(["LandmarkDetector", "--qi-url=" + connection_url])
except RuntimeError:
print ("Can't connect to Naoqi at ip \"" + args.ip + "\" on port " + str(args.port) +".\n"
"Please check your script arguments. Run with -h option for help.")
sys.exit(1)
landmark_detector = LandmarkDetector(app)
landmark_detector.run()
"main.py":
""" A sample showing how to make a Python script as an app. """
version = "0.0.8"
copyright = "Copyright 2015, Aldebaran Robotics"
author = 'YOURNAME'
email = 'YOUREMAIL#aldebaran.com'
import stk.runner
import stk.events
import stk.services
import stk.logging
class Activity(object):
"A sample standalone app, that demonstrates simple Python usage"
APP_ID = "com.aldebaran.lokalisierung"
def __init__(self, qiapp):
self.qiapp = qiapp
self.events = stk.events.EventHelper(qiapp.session)
self.s = stk.services.ServiceCache(qiapp.session)
self.logger = stk.logging.get_logger(qiapp.session, self.APP_ID)
def on_touched(self, *args):
"Callback for tablet touched."
if args:
self.events.disconnect("ALTabletService.onTouchDown")
self.logger.info("Tablet touched: " + str(args))
self.s.ALTextToSpeech.say("Yay!")
self.stop()
def on_start(self):
"Ask to be touched, waits, and exits."
# Two ways of waiting for events
# 1) block until it's called
self.s.ALTextToSpeech.say("Touch my forehead.")
self.logger.warning("Listening for touch...")
while not self.events.wait_for("FrontTactilTouched"):
pass
# 2) explicitly connect a callback
if self.s.ALTabletService:
self.events.connect("ALTabletService.onTouchDown", self.on_touched)
self.s.ALTextToSpeech.say("okay, now touch my tablet.")
# (this allows to simltaneously speak and watch an event)
else:
self.s.ALTextToSpeech.say("touch my tablet ... oh. " + \
"I don't haave one.")
self.stop()
def stop(self):
"Standard way of stopping the application."
self.qiapp.stop()
def on_stop(self):
"Cleanup"
self.logger.info("Application finished.")
self.events.clear()
if __name__ == "__main__":
stk.runner.run_activity(Activity)
"MainLandmarkDetection.py":
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: UTF-8 -*-
"""A sample showing how to make a Python script as an app to localize
the robot with ALLandMarkDetection"""
version = "0.0.8"
copyright = "Copyright 2015, Aldebaran Robotics"
author = 'YOURNAME'
email = 'YOUREMAIL#aldebaran.com'
import stk.runner
import stk.events
import stk.services
import stk.logging
import time
import sys
import math
import almath
class Activity(object):
"A sample standalone app, that demonstrates simple Python usage"
APP_ID = "com.aldebaran.lokalisierung"
def __init__(self, qiapp):
self.qiapp = qiapp
self.events = stk.events.EventHelper(qiapp.session)
self.s = stk.services.ServiceCache(qiapp.session)
self.logger = stk.logging.get_logger(qiapp.session, self.APP_ID)
self.qiapp.start()
session = qiapp.session
# Get the service ALMemory.
self.memory = session.service("ALMemory")
# Connect the event callback.
# Get the services ALMotion & ALRobotPosture.
self.motion_service = session.service("ALMotion")
self.posture_service = session.service("ALRobotPosture")
self.subscriber = self.memory.subscriber("LandmarkDetected")
print "self.subscriber = self.memory.subscriber(LandmarkDetected)"
self.subscriber.signal.connect(self.on_landmark_detected)
print "self.subscriber.signal.connect(self.on_landmark_detected)"
# Get the services ALTextToSpeech, ALLandMarkDetection and ALMotion.
self.tts = session.service("ALTextToSpeech")
self.landmark_detection = session.service("ALLandMarkDetection")
# print "self.landmark_detection" is repr(self.landmark_detection)
self.motion_service = session.service("ALMotion")
self.landmark_detection.subscribe("Activity", 500, 0.0)
print "self.landmark_detection.subscribe(Activity, 500, 0.0 )"
self.got_landmark = False
# Set here the size of the landmark in meters.
self.landmarkTheoreticalSize = 0.06 # in meters 0 #.05 or 0.06?
# Set here the current camera ("CameraTop" or "CameraBottom").
self.currentCamera = "CameraTop"
def on_landmark_detected(self, markData):
"""
Callback for event LandmarkDetected.
"""
while markData == []: # empty value when the landmark disappears
self.got_landmark = False
# self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, 0.1 * math.pi)
if not self.got_landmark: # only speak the first time a landmark appears
self.got_landmark = True
# stop.motion_service.moveTo
print "Ich sehe eine Landmarke! "
# self.tts.say("Ich sehe eine Landmarke! ")
# Retrieve landmark center position in radians.
wzCamera = markData[1][0][0][1]
wyCamera = markData[1][0][0][2]
# Retrieve landmark angular size in radians.
angularSize = markData[1][0][0][3]
# Compute distance to landmark.
distanceFromCameraToLandmark = self.landmarkTheoreticalSize / (2 * math.tan(angularSize / 2))
# Get current camera position in NAO space.
transform = self.motion_service.getTransform(self.currentCamera, 2, True)
transformList = almath.vectorFloat(transform)
robotToCamera = almath.Transform(transformList)
# Compute the rotation to point towards the landmark.
cameraToLandmarkRotationTransform = almath.Transform_from3DRotation(0, wyCamera, wzCamera)
# Compute the translation to reach the landmark.
cameraToLandmarkTranslationTransform = almath.Transform(distanceFromCameraToLandmark, 0, 0)
# Combine all transformations to get the landmark position in NAO space.
robotToLandmark = robotToCamera * cameraToLandmarkRotationTransform * cameraToLandmarkTranslationTransform
# robotTurnAroundAngle = almath.rotationFromAngleDirection(0, 1, 1, 1)
# print "robotTurnAroundAngle = ", robotTurnAroundAngle
print "x " + str(robotToLandmark.r1_c4) + " (in meters)"
print "y " + str(robotToLandmark.r2_c4) + " (in meters)"
print "z " + str(robotToLandmark.r3_c4) + " (in meters)"
def run(self):
"""
Loop on, wait for events until manual interruption.
"""
# Wake up robot
self.motion_service.wakeUp()
# Send robot to Pose Init
self.posture_service.goToPosture("StandInit", 0.5)
# Example showing how to get a simplified robot position in world.
useSensorValues = False
result = self.motion_service.getRobotPosition(useSensorValues)
print "Robot Position", result
# Example showing how to use this information to know the robot's diplacement.
useSensorValues = False
# initRobotPosition = almath.Pose2D(self.motion_service.getRobotPosition(useSensorValues))
# Make the robot move
for i in range(1, 20, 1):
self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, 0.1 * math.pi)
print "self.motion_service.moveTo(0, 0, (0.1)*math.pi)"
print "Starting Activity"
try:
while True:
time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print "Interrupted by user, stopping Activity"
self.landmark_detection.unsubscribe("Activity")
# stop
sys.exit(0)
def stop(self):
"Standard way of stopping the application."
self.qiapp.stop()
def on_stop(self):
"Cleanup"
self.logger.info("Application finished.")
self.events.clear()
if __name__ == "__main__":
stk.runner.run_activity(Activity)
landmark_detector = Activity()
landmark_detector.run()
This is how it worked in cmd.exe:
And I have a question to the parameter by ”landmark_detector = Activity()” in line 157 at almost the end of the program because of the Error in the image, which I should pass. After reading the answers to the similar question here by StackoverflowPython: TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given), I am still confused. I think it should be a value which is given to the "qiapp", but what value?
Best regards,
Frederik
Actually, when you call
stk.runner.run_activity(Activity)
... it will instantiate that activity object for you, with the right parameters, you don't need to landmark_detector = Activity() etc. in MainLandmarkDetector.py
And if this object has a method called on_start, that method will be called once everything is ready (so you may only need to rename your run() method to on_start()
Note also that instead of calling sys.stop(), you can just call self.stop() or self.qiapp.stop() (which is a bit cleaner in terms of letting the cleanup code in on_stop to be called, if you need to unsubscribe to things etc.)
See here for some documentation on stk.runner.
Note also that instead of doing
self.motion_service = session.service("ALMotion")
(...)
transform = self.motion_service.getTransform(self.currentCamera, 2, True)
you can directly do
transform = self.s.ALMotion.getTransform(self.currentCamera, 2, True)
... which (in my opinion) makes it easier to see what is being done exactly (and reduces the number of variables).
I am currently experimenting with the pytest module to create unit tests for a project I'm working on. I'm trying to test the 'add_point' method which draws an ellipse based on a set of pixels. What I want to do is inspect 'draw' to ensure that the ellipse has been created successfully. Unfortunately I don't know how to go about this, so any help will be appreciated. Here's my code so far:
(A) TheSlicePreviewMaker.py
import os, Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
from json_importer import json_importer
class SlicePreviewer(object):
def __init__(self):
self.screen_size = (470, 470)
self.background_colour = (86,0,255)
self.platform_fill_colour = (100, 100, 100)
self.platform_outline_colour = (0, 0, 0)
self.platform_window = (0,0,469,469)
self.point_colour = (0,0,255)
self.config_object = json_importer("ConfigFile.txt")
self.image = None
def initialise_image(self):
self.image = Image.new('RGB',self.screen_size,self.background_colour)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.image)
draw.rectangle(self.platform_window,outline=self.platform_outline_colour,fill=self.platform_fill_colour)
del draw
def add_point(self, px, py):
x1 = px - 1
y1 = py - 1
x2 = px + 1
y2 = py + 1
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.image)
draw.ellipse((x1,y1,x2,y2),outline=self.point_colour,fill=self.point_colour)
return draw #del draw
def save_image(self, file_name):
self.image.save(file_name, "BMP")
(B) test_TheSlicePreviewMaker.py
from TheSlicePreviewMaker import SlicePreviewer
slice_preview = SlicePreviewer()
class TestSlicePreviewer:
def test_init(self):
'''check that the config file object has been created on init'''
assert slice_preview.config_object != None
def test_initialise_image(self):
'''verify if the image has been successfully initialised'''
assert slice_preview.image.mode == 'RGB'
def test_add_point(self):
'''has the point been drawn successfully?'''
draw = slice_preview.add_point(196,273)
assert something
import pytest
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main("--capture=sys -v")
SN: I've run TheSlicePreviewMaker.py separately to check the bitmap file it produces, so I know that the code works. What I want to achieve is unit test this so that each time I don't have to go check the bitmap.
One approach is to manually inspect the generated image and if looks OK to you, save it next to the test and use a image diffing algorithm (for example ImageChops.difference) to obtain a threshold value that you can use to make sure future test runs are still drawing the same image.
For example:
# contents of conftest.py
from PIL import ImageChops, ImageDraw, Image
import pytest
import os
import py.path
import math
import operator
def rms_diff(im1, im2):
"""Calculate the root-mean-square difference between two images
Taken from: http://snipplr.com/view/757/compare-two-pil-images-in-python/
"""
h1 = im1.histogram()
h2 = im2.histogram()
def mean_sqr(a,b):
if not a:
a = 0.0
if not b:
b = 0.0
return (a-b)**2
return math.sqrt(reduce(operator.add, map(mean_sqr, h1, h2))/(im1.size[0]*im1.size[1]))
class ImageDiff:
"""Fixture used to make sure code that generates images continues to do so
by checking the difference of the genereated image against known good versions.
"""
def __init__(self, request):
self.directory = py.path.local(request.node.fspath.dirname) / request.node.fspath.purebasename
self.expected_name = (request.node.name + '.png')
self.expected_filename = self.directory / self.expected_name
def check(self, im, max_threshold=0.0):
__tracebackhide__ = True
local = py.path.local(os.getcwd()) / self.expected_name
if not self.expected_filename.check(file=1):
msg = '\nExpecting image at %s, but it does not exist.\n'
msg += '-> Generating here: %s'
im.save(str(local))
pytest.fail(msg % (self.expected_filename, local))
else:
expected = Image.open(str(self.expected_filename))
rms_value = rms_diff(im, expected)
if rms_value > max_threshold:
im.save(str(local))
msg = '\nrms_value %s > max_threshold of %s.\n'
msg += 'Obtained image saved at %s'
pytest.fail(msg % (rms_value, max_threshold, str(local)))
#pytest.fixture
def image_diff(request):
return ImageDiff(request)
Now you can use the image_diff fixture in your tests. For example:
def create_image():
""" dummy code that generates an image, simulating some actual code """
im = Image.new('RGB', (100, 100), (0, 0, 0))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
draw.ellipse((10, 10, 90, 90), outline=(0, 0, 255),
fill=(255, 255, 255))
return im
def test_generated_image(image_diff):
im = create_image()
image_diff.check(im)
The first time your run this test, it will fail with this output:
================================== FAILURES ===================================
____________________________ test_generated_image _____________________________
image_diff = <test_foo.ImageDiff instance at 0x029ED530>
def test_generated_image(image_diff):
im = create_image()
> image_diff.check(im)
E Failed:
E Expecting image at X:\temp\sandbox\img-diff\test_foo\test_generated_image.png, but it does not exist.
E -> Generating here: X:\temp\sandbox\img-diff\test_generated_image.png
You can then manually check the image and if everything is OK, move it to a directory with the same name as the test file, with the name of the test as the file name plus ".png" extension. From now one whenever the test runs, it will check that the image is similar within an acceptable amount.
Suppose you change the code and produce a slightly different image, the test will now fail like this:
================================== FAILURES ===================================
____________________________ test_generated_image _____________________________
image_diff = <test_foo.ImageDiff instance at 0x02A4B788>
def test_generated_image(image_diff):
im = create_image()
> image_diff.check(im)
E Failed:
E rms_value 2.52 > max_threshold of 0.0.
E Obtained image saved at X:\temp\sandbox\img-diff\test_generated_image.png
test_foo.py:63: Failed
========================== 1 failed in 0.03 seconds ===========================
The code needs some polishing but should be a good start. You can find a version of this code here.
Cheers,