Develop Reference

terminated by signal SIGSEGV (Address boundary error) on python program with reccursive methods

I am trying to read all the touching pixels with the same color in a image.
For that I use reccursive functions. When I check one pixel, I look on the right, left, top and bottom if the pixel close to it is the same color. If it is I add it to an array otherwise I don't.
The code is as follow:
vimport tkinter as tk
from PIL import Image
import sys
sys.setrecursionlimit(200000)
## WINDOWS
# to launch in debug mode
imgToDraw = Image.open('assets-test\\smile-face.png')
# to launch normaly
# imgToDraw = Image.open('..\\assets-test\\smile-face.png')
## LINUX
# imgToDraw = Image.open('../assets-test/smile-face.png')
imgPixels = imgToDraw.load()
imgWidth = imgToDraw.size[0]
imgHeight = imgToDraw.size[1]
# an element is a part of the image, it's a bunch of pixels with approximately the same color
# and each pixel touch at least one other pixel of the same element
elements = [];
isPixelChecked = [[ False for y in range( imgWidth ) ] for x in range( imgHeight )]
# min tolerable difference between two colors to consider them the same
# the higher the value is the more colors will be considered the same
COLOR_TOLERANCE = 10
reccursionCount = 0
class Element:
def __init__(self, color):
self.pixels = [];
self.color = color;
def addPixel(self, pixel):
self.pixels.append(pixel);
class Pixel:
def __init__(self, x, y, color):
self.x = x # x position of the pixel
self.y = y # y position of the pixel
self.color = color # color is a tuple (r,g,b)
def cutImageInElements():
global element
completeElement(element.pixels)
def completeElement(elemPixels):
global reccursionCount
global isPixelChecked
reccursionCount += 1
nbPixels = len(elemPixels);
xIndex = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].x
yIndex = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].y
xRightIdx = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].x + 1
xLeftIdx = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].x - 1
yBottomIdx = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].y + 1
yTopIdx = elemPixels[nbPixels - 1].y - 1
isPixelChecked[xIndex][yIndex] = True
if((xRightIdx < imgWidth) and isPixelChecked[xRightIdx][yIndex] == False):
if(isColorAlmostSame(imgPixels[elemPixels[0].x, elemPixels[0].y], imgPixels[xRightIdx, yIndex])):
pixelAppended = Pixel(xRightIdx, yIndex, imgPixels[xRightIdx, yIndex])
elemPixels.append(pixelAppended)
completeElement(elemPixels)
if((xLeftIdx >= 0) and isPixelChecked[xLeftIdx][yIndex] == False):
if(isColorAlmostSame(imgPixels[elemPixels[0].x, elemPixels[0].y], imgPixels[xLeftIdx, yIndex])):
pixelAppended = Pixel(xLeftIdx, yIndex, imgPixels[xLeftIdx, yIndex])
elemPixels.append(pixelAppended)
completeElement(elemPixels)
if((yBottomIdx < imgHeight) and isPixelChecked[xIndex][yBottomIdx] == False):
if(isColorAlmostSame(imgPixels[elemPixels[0].x, elemPixels[0].y], imgPixels[xIndex, yBottomIdx])):
pixelAppended = Pixel(xIndex, yBottomIdx, imgPixels[xIndex, yBottomIdx])
elemPixels.append(pixelAppended)
completeElement(elemPixels)
if((yTopIdx >= 0) and isPixelChecked[xIndex][yTopIdx] == False):
if(isColorAlmostSame(imgPixels[elemPixels[0].x, elemPixels[0].y], imgPixels[xIndex, yTopIdx])):
pixelAppended = Pixel(xIndex, yTopIdx, imgPixels[xIndex, yTopIdx])
elemPixels.append(pixelAppended)
completeElement(elemPixels)
def isColorAlmostSame(pixel1, pixel2):
redDiff = abs(pixel1[0] - pixel2[0])
greenDiff = abs(pixel1[1] - pixel2[1])
blueDiff = abs(pixel1[2] - pixel2[2])
if(redDiff < COLOR_TOLERANCE and greenDiff < COLOR_TOLERANCE and blueDiff < COLOR_TOLERANCE):
return True
else:
return False
def printPixelsArr(pixelsArr):
for x in range(0, len(pixelsArr)):
print(pixelsArr[x].x, pixelsArr[x].y, pixelsArr[x].color)
if __name__ == '__main__':
pixel = Pixel(0, 0, imgPixels[0, 0]);
element = Element(pixel.color);
element.addPixel(pixel);
cutImageInElements();
print("NbReccursive call: ", reccursionCount)
This code works for small images of size 100x100 but crashes with an image of 400x400 with the error "terminated by signal SIGSEGV (Address boundary error)" when I launch the program on wsl2. When I run the program on cmd or powershell it just crashes but with no error code/msg.
I cannot understand why it would work with some size of images and not others. I can only think that the memory runs out or something but in the task manager the program uses almost no memory.

Not sure why that's failing, but that much recursion in Python isn't a great idea. I'd suggest reading about tail recursion that other languages use to make some recursive algorithms consume constant stack space. Note that your algorithm is not tail recursive, so this optimisation wouldn't help even if Python supported it.
I hacked together the following flood fill implementation. It uses Numpy so that it's only 10x slower than Pillow's ImageDraw.floodfill.
import numpy as np
def floodfill(im, row, col, threshold):
similar = np.mean(np.abs(im - im[row, col]), 2) < threshold
mask = np.zeros_like(similar)
mask[row, col] = 1
m2 = mask.copy()
while True:
m2[:,:] = mask
m2[1:,:] |= mask[:-1]
m2[:-1,:] |= mask[1:]
m2[:,1:] |= mask[:,:-1]
m2[:,:-1] |= mask[:,1:]
m2 &= similar
if np.all(m2 == mask):
return mask
mask[:,:] = m2
As an example of using this, you could do;
import requests
from io import BytesIO
res = requests.get("https://picsum.photos/300")
res.raise_for_status()
src = Image.open(BytesIO(res.content))
mask = floodfill(np.array(src, int), 10, 10, 40)
where the random image I got and the output mask are:

How To Fix Error Automation Game Python Code

I'm Trying To Use An Automation Piano Game With Python, But When I Want To Try Implementing The Code, I Get An Error
As Shown In The Attached Picture
Please Help Me To Fix This Error, I Used ** Python 3.8.4 **
*<!-- The Code -->*
import mss as mss
import numpy as np
from cv2 import cv2
import time
import pyautogui
import keyboard
pyautogui.PAUSE = 0.005
def take_screenshot():
with mss.mss() as sct:
filename = sct.shot(output="fullscreen.png")
return filename
# take_screenshot()
def get_frame(region):
with mss.mss() as sct:
screen = np.array(sct.grab(region))
screen_grayscale = cv2.cvtColor(screen, cv2.COLOR_BGR2BGRA)
# print(screen_grayscale.shape)
# cv2.imwrite('region.png', screen_grayscale)
return screen_grayscale
def detect_tiles(frame):
for x in range(frame.shape[0]):
for y in range(frame.shape[1]):
if frame[x, y] == 1:
return x, y
return None
region = {"top": 560, "left": 350, "width": 300, "height": 2}
time.sleep(3)
while True:
if keyboard.is_pressed('q'):
break
start_time = time.time()
frame = get_frame(region)
coors = detect_tiles(frame)
if coors:
target_x = region['left'] + coors[1] + 1
target_y = region['top'] + coors[0] + 1
pyautogui.moveTo(x=target_x, y=target_y)
pyautogui.mouseDown()
print("%d FPS" % (1 / (time.time() - start_time)))
*<!-- end code -->*
my error image:

Your problem seems to stem from the fact that frame[x,y] is not a single value but a list or tuple of values. Hence, when you execute if frame[x,y] == 1 you get an error message like ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all().
Depending on what you want to accomplish you can use one of the following remedies:
Use the .all method which will result in True if and only if all elements of frame[x] and frame[y] equal 1. Using the following:
if frame[x,y].all() == 1:
Use the .any method which will result in True if and only if any frame[x] or frame[y] element equals 1. Using the following:
if frame[x,y].any() == 1

PinoroEnviro+ TypeError: argument should be integer or bytes-like object, not 'str'

I have been trying to understand the error reported when I run an example supplied with some hardware i purchased.
I have tried googling around but every answer I get is a bit beyond my comprehension. I think what is going wrong is that the script, or one of the imported scripts is written for Python 2 and i am trying to run it in python 3.
When I try and run it in Python 2 i get a whole host of other problems so I have been trying to make it work with 3.
The hardware I purchased is the Enviro+ sensor suite for the raspberry pi sold by Pimoroni
Hardware Link
Github Library
Pimoroni Tutorial
#!/usr/bin/env python
import time
import colorsys
import os
import sys
import ST7735
import ltr559
from bme280 import BME280
from pms5003 import PMS5003
from enviroplus import gas
from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
from PIL import Image
from PIL import ImageDraw
from PIL import ImageFont
print("""all-in-one.py - Displays readings from all of Enviro plus' sensors
Press Ctrl+C to exit!
""")
# BME280 temperature/pressure/humidity sensor
bme280 = BME280()
# PMS5003 particulate sensor
pms5003 = PMS5003()
# Create ST7735 LCD display class
st7735 = ST7735.ST7735(
port=0,
cs=1,
dc=9,
backlight=12,
rotation=270,
spi_speed_hz=10000000
)
# Initialize display
st7735.begin()
WIDTH = st7735.width
HEIGHT = st7735.height
# Set up canvas and font
img = Image.new('RGB', (WIDTH, HEIGHT), color=(0, 0, 0))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
font = ImageFont.truetype(path + "/fonts/Asap/Asap-Bold.ttf", 20)
message = ""
# The position of the top bar
top_pos = 25
# Displays data and text on the 0.96" LCD
def display_text(variable, data, unit):
# Maintain length of list
values[variable] = values[variable][1:] + [data]
# Scale the values for the variable between 0 and 1
colours = [(v - min(values[variable]) + 1) / (max(values[variable])
- min(values[variable]) + 1) for v in values[variable]]
# Format the variable name and value
message = "{}: {:.1f} {}".format(variable[:4], data, unit)
print(message)
draw.rectangle((0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT), (255, 255, 255))
for i in range(len(colours)):
# Convert the values to colours from red to blue
colour = (1.0 - colours[i]) * 0.6
r, g, b = [int(x * 255.0) for x in colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(colour,
1.0, 1.0)]
# Draw a 1-pixel wide rectangle of colour
draw.rectangle((i, top_pos, i+1, HEIGHT), (r, g, b))
# Draw a line graph in black
line_y = HEIGHT - (top_pos + (colours[i] * (HEIGHT - top_pos)))\
+ top_pos
draw.rectangle((i, line_y, i+1, line_y+1), (0, 0, 0))
# Write the text at the top in black
draw.text((0, 0), message, font=font, fill=(0, 0, 0))
st7735.display(img)
# Get the temperature of the CPU for compensation
def get_cpu_temperature():
process = Popen(['vcgencmd', 'measure_temp'], stdout=PIPE)
output, _error = process.communicate()
return float(output[output.index('=') + 1:output.rindex("'")])
# Tuning factor for compensation. Decrease this number to adjust the
# temperature down, and increase to adjust up
factor = 0.8
cpu_temps = [0] * 5
delay = 0.5 # Debounce the proximity tap
mode = 0 # The starting mode
last_page = 0
light = 1
# Create a values dict to store the data
variables = ["temperature",
"pressure",
"humidity",
"light",
"oxidised",
"reduced",
"nh3",
"pm1",
"pm25",
"pm10"]
values = {}
for v in variables:
values[v] = [1] * WIDTH
# The main loop
try:
while True:
proximity = ltr559.get_proximity()
# If the proximity crosses the threshold, toggle the mode
if proximity > 1500 and time.time() - last_page > delay:
mode += 1
mode %= len(variables)
last_page = time.time()
# One mode for each variable
if mode == 0:
variable = "temperature"
unit = "C"
cpu_temp = get_cpu_temperature()
# Smooth out with some averaging to decrease jitter
cpu_temps = cpu_temps[1:] + [cpu_temp]
avg_cpu_temp = sum(cpu_temps) / float(len(cpu_temps))
raw_temp = bme280.get_temperature()
data = raw_temp - ((avg_cpu_temp - raw_temp) / factor)
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 1:
variable = "pressure"
unit = "hPa"
data = bme280.get_pressure()
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 2:
variable = "humidity"
unit = "%"
data = bme280.get_humidity()
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 3:
variable = "light"
unit = "Lux"
if proximity < 10:
data = ltr559.get_lux()
else:
data = 1
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 4:
variable = "oxidised"
unit = "kO"
data = gas.read_all()
data = data.oxidising / 1000
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 5:
variable = "reduced"
unit = "kO"
data = gas.read_all()
data = data.reducing / 1000
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 6:
variable = "nh3"
unit = "kO"
data = gas.read_all()
data = data.nh3 / 1000
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 7:
variable = "pm1"
unit = "ug/m3"
data = pms5003.read()
data = data.pm_ug_per_m3(1.0)
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 8:
variable = "pm25"
unit = "ug/m3"
data = pms5003.read()
data = data.pm_ug_per_m3(2.5)
display_text(variable, data, unit)
if mode == 9:
variable = "pm10"
unit = "ug/m3"
data = pms5003.read()
data = data.pm_ug_per_m3(10)
display_text(variable, data, unit)
# Exit cleanly
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.exit(0)
When I try and run the code i get the following results:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "all-in-one.py", line 135, in <module>
cpu_temp = get_cpu_temperature()
File "all-in-one.py", line 89, in get_cpu_temperature
return float(output[output.index('=') + 1:output.rindex("'")])
TypeError: argument should be integer or bytes-like object, not 'str'
Please forgive me if I have not filled this help request out correctly - i am very new to forums (I hardly ever post in them, although i read them a lot for help), and i am also very new to Python and Linux.
Any help and support from the community would be massively appreciated - thank you in advance...
SW

According to Python 3 whitepages on subprocess.communicate(), the type of output and _error can be either strings (what you want) OR bytes. If you were getting strings back, you wouldn't have this problem, but the TypeError message you're getting is exactly what you get when you try to call index() on a bytes object with a string argument.
Demonstrably:
>>> output = "temperature = '88 C'".encode('utf-8') #this is of type bytes
>>> output
b"temperature = '88 C'"
>>> output.index('=')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: argument should be integer or bytes-like object, not 'str'
>>> output.index(ord('='))
12
So you should replace output.index('=') with output.index(ord('=')) and output.rindex("'") with output.rindex(ord("'")).
EDIT
I realized this much later, but you can circumvent using ord() by prepending your search string with a b.
output.index(b'=')

Python3.6 and Pyautogui - Pixel commands - TypeError: __new__() takes 4 positional arguments but 5 were given

I'm relatively new to Python and I'm attempting to make a fun little project using Pyautogui and Python3.6. The goal of this project is to create a tensorflow powered project that learns to play chess. The problem I am now encountering is that whenever I try to use any of the pixel commands - e.g. pyautogui.pixel(...) or screenshot.getpixel(...) - an error pops up and says this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 109, in <module>
Score()
File "main.py", line 100, in Score
if gui.pixelMatchesColor(tempX, tempY, (87, 83, 82), tolerance=20):
File "/Users/student/Library/Python/3.6/lib/python/site-packages/pyscreeze/__init__.py", line 413, in pixelMatchesColor
pix = pixel(x, y)
File "/Users/student/Library/Python/3.6/lib/python/site-packages/pyscreeze/__init__.py", line 436, in pixel
return RGB(*screenshot().getpixel((x, y)))
TypeError: __new__() takes 4 positional arguments but 5 were given
I just want to note that all other commands work fine and that it's only the pixel ones that don't work.
I have installed everything including pyautogui(duh), pyscreeze, pymsgbox, pytweening, xlib, opencv, and any other package I could think of. These were installed using this command: pip3 install package-name-here --user. I needed the --user because I don't currently have administrator rights to my computer so I'm wondering if that could have something to do with my current predicament.
I also encountered an earlier post in my search for an answer but I forgot where I found it, so I'm sorry but I can't link it, but basically it said that I should go through and remove all pycache folders. I did this using the terminal command in the ~/Library/Python/3.6 folder:
find . -name "__pycache__" -type f -o -name "__pycache__" -type d -exec rm -rf {} \
I am in no need of an exact solution to this problem, but I'm wondering if there's some way to use the pyautogui.pixelMatchesColor(...) function or any similar one that you recommend that can have a tolerance - e.g. that the RGB values can be 10 units off and still return true.
For those of you that are interested, here is my full code:
#
# IMPORT ALL NECESSARY THINGS
#
import os, time, sys, pyautogui as gui, argparse as arg
#
# FAILSAFES
#
gui.FAILSAFE = True
gui.PAUSE = 0.1
#
# SET UP ARGUMENT PARSER
#
parser = arg.ArgumentParser(description='A machine learning script powered by TensorFlow designed to be run on "chess.com" using Python.')
parser.add_argument("-s", "--sleep", nargs='?', type=int, default='5', help='Number of seconds that the program should sleep before starting. This gives you time to move over to the website before the program looks for the gamboard on screen.')
args = parser.parse_args()
#
# ASKS USER FOR WHAT SIDE IT IS ON
#
side = input("Are you white or black? ")
if side == "W" or side == "w" or side == "white" or side == "White":
side = "W"
elif side == "B" or side == "b" or side == "black" or side == "Black":
side = "B"
else:
print("Invalid selection for which side!")
side = None
sys.exit(0)
#
# PRINT "READY" AND THEN WAIT FOR SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF TIME - DEFAULT 5 SECONDS
#
print("Ready! Waiting for " + str(args.sleep) + " seconds!")
time.sleep(int(args.sleep))
#
# GET AREA OF GAMEBOARD ON SCREEN
#
if side == "W":
gameboard = gui.locateOnScreen('./img/white/chessboard_white.png', confidence=0.55, grayscale=True)
left = gameboard.left - 10
top = gameboard.top - 5
right = gameboard.left + gameboard.width + 10
bottom = gameboard.top + gameboard.height + 15
elif side == "B":
gameboard = gui.locateOnScreen('./img/black/chessboard_black.png', confidence=0.55, grayscale=True)
left = gameboard.left - 10
top = gameboard.top - 5
right = gameboard.left + gameboard.width + 10
bottom = gameboard.top + gameboard.height + 15
widthInterval = (right - gameboard.left) / 8
heightInterval = (bottom - gameboard.top) / 8
#
# DEFINES A FUNCTION THAT COUNTS THE SCORE
# - NUMBER OF YOU SIDE AND THEN SUBTRACT THE NUMBER OF OPPOSITE SIDE
#
def Score():
for i in range(8):
for j in range(8):
tempX = 32 + (i * widthInterval)
tempY = 32 + (j * heightInterval)
if gui.pixelMatchesColor(tempX, tempY, (87, 83, 82), tolerance=20):
print("True!")
if side == "W":
print("White!")
elif side == "B":
print("Black!")
Score()
Note: The problem occurs in the last 10ish lines of the above code.
Thank you so much for your help and please don't hesitate to let me know if you need any more info from me!
Max

mixing pixels of an image manually using python

I am trying to create an algorithm that blends the pixels of an image and I can bring the image as it was before, but I do not know do this.
I'm using python and pil, but I can use other libraries.
Exemple: to and back to
Thank you.

This should do it. There's no error handling, it doesn't follow pep8 standards, it uses slow PIL operations and it doesn't use an argument parsing library. I'm sure there are other bad things about it also.
It works by seeding python's random number generator with an invariant of the image under scrambling. The hash of the size is used. Since the size doesn't changed, a random sequence built on it will be the same for all images that share the same size. That sequence is used as a one-to-one mapping, therefore it's reversible.
The script may be invoked twice from a shell to create two images, "scrambled.png" and "unscrambled.png". "Qfhe3.png" is the source image.
python scramble.py scramble "./Qfhe3.png"
python scramble.py unscramble "./scrambled.png"
#scramble.py
from PIL import Image
import sys
import os
import random
def openImage():
return Image.open(sys.argv[2])
def operation():
return sys.argv[1]
def seed(img):
random.seed(hash(img.size))
def getPixels(img):
w, h = img.size
pxs = []
for x in range(w):
for y in range(h):
pxs.append(img.getpixel((x, y)))
return pxs
def scrambledIndex(pxs):
idx = list(range(len(pxs)))
random.shuffle(idx)
return idx
def scramblePixels(img):
seed(img)
pxs = getPixels(img)
idx = scrambledIndex(pxs)
out = []
for i in idx:
out.append(pxs[i])
return out
def unScramblePixels(img):
seed(img)
pxs = getPixels(img)
idx = scrambledIndex(pxs)
out = list(range(len(pxs)))
cur = 0
for i in idx:
out[i] = pxs[cur]
cur += 1
return out
def storePixels(name, size, pxs):
outImg = Image.new("RGB", size)
w, h = size
pxIter = iter(pxs)
for x in range(w):
for y in range(h):
outImg.putpixel((x, y), next(pxIter))
outImg.save(name)
def main():
img = openImage()
if operation() == "scramble":
pxs = scramblePixels(img)
storePixels("scrambled.png", img.size, pxs)
elif operation() == "unscramble":
pxs = unScramblePixels(img)
storePixels("unscrambled.png", img.size, pxs)
else:
sys.exit("Unsupported operation: " + operation())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()