I want to write a program that returns the current or last visited URL by me on my computer (Windows 10) browser. Is there any way in which I can get that URL?
I tried using Python and SQLite to access Chrome history database on C:\Users%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\History and it worked, but if I'm using the browser, the database gets locked.
I know that by using Wireshark, one can see the packets when accessing an URL, but I cannot find the complete URL in those packets fields, only the server name (ie: stackoverflow.com).
I'd like to know whether there is a way in which I can see that information as it's done by Wireshark, but only to get the complete URL, nothing else. Thank you!
I found a solution to this by using mitmproxy: https://mitmproxy.org/. This video on YouTube helped me with the installation and setup process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BXsaU42yok. The video explains the installation on Mac, but it's not so different from Windows. Then you can use Python to capture and process the URLs contained within the HTTPS requests by using the flow.request.pretty_url property: https://docs.mitmproxy.org/stable/addons-scripting/.
I need to intercept an HTTP Response packet from the server and replace it with my own response, or at least modify that response, before it arrives to my browser.
I'm already able to sniff this response and print it, the problem is with manipulating/replacing it.
Is there a way to do so wiht scapy library ?
Or do i have to connect my browser through a proxy to manipulate the response ?
If you want to work from your ordinary browser, then you need proxy between browser and server in order to manipulate it. E.g. see https://portswigger.net/burp/ which is a proxy specifically created for penetration testing with easy replacing of responses/requests (which is sriptable, too).
If you want to script all your session in scapy, then you can create requests and responses to your liking, but response does not go to the browser. Also, you can record ordinary web session (with tcpdump/wireshark/scapy) into pcap, then use scapy to read pcap modify it and send similar requests to the server.
First time here, it says to be specific... So here goes.
I'm doing a small project to connect Salesforce to my Raspberry Pi. The goal is to make a light (Think a beacon, siren-like light) flash when a high priority case comes in from a client in Salesforce. At the moment, clients usually send an email to a certain address, and this creates a case. It goes to the 'Unassigned Queue' and emails the team that this case is there waiting to be assigned.
Salesforce uses REST, so I need to be able to get the Pi to accept JSON so it can easily understand what Salesforce wants it to do.
Currently, I guess I have won half of the battle. I have a web server (Lighttpd) running on the Pi, which hosts an index page and a Python script. I am also using a Python wrapper, which allows me to easily run a command from a Telldus program I have installed. This program controls a USB RF Transmitter that I have connected, it is paired to a RF Socket, which is connected to the mains power supply with a light connected to it.
So the Python script is called power.py, and can be controlled with URL variables, so if I go to power.py?device=1&power=on&time=10&password=hunter2 that turns on device 1 for 10 seconds. I also created a POST form on the index page, which just POSTS to the python script, and runs it in the same way as using the URL variables. That all works great.
So all I need to do, is connect it to Salesforce. I would like to use REST and JSON, so that if I ever move away from Salesforce to another CRM program, it will easily be able to adapt and receive instructions from new places.
I have posted the Python script I am using here:
https://github.com/7ewis/RemotePiControl/blob/master/power.py
The Pi isn't currently allowed out of the local network, so I will need to somehow develop a way to send JSON commands, and the recieve and convert them to work using the correct variables etc. I'm not a programmer, I've just exposure to languages from hacking things and exploring. Hence why I need some guidance with this.
I have never used REST or JSON before, so what would I need to do to achieve this?
Seems like adding Flask http://flask.pocoo.org to your Raspberry Pi Webserver would be a good move. It allows server-side python to be run in response to JQuery ajax (and regular) requests. Check out a couple of examples here:
http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/patterns/jquery/
and this stack overflow question: how can I use data posted from ajax in flask?
Flask is pretty straightforward to get up and running, and is happy working with a number of servers, including Lighttpd. Writing RESTful flask is also a perfectly reasonable proposition, see: http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask
Additionally, lots of people have used flask on the raspberry pi already-- so that could help get you up and running smoothly: http://mattrichardson.com/Raspberry-Pi-Flask/
Good luck!
Firstly don't use a Python script that prints out result directly to CGI. You will be forever debugging it.
Use a light weight framework like Flask. You can do something as simple as
from flask import Flask
application = Flask(__name__)
#application.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():
if request.method == 'POST':
# use Flask's build in json decoder
the_data = request.get_json()
# then do something with the data
return "This was a POST request, how interesting..."
else:
# request was GET rather than POST, so do something with else
return "Hello World!"
See how to configure Flask to run with Lighttpd here http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/deploying/fastcgi/
If you want to test this you can either write another Python script to send JSON data to your server (I recommend looking at the Python Requests library for this http://www.python-requests.org/en/latest/), or you can do this manually using a HTTP request builder, such as HTTPRequester for Firefox (https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/httprequester/)
There's an FLV file on the web that can be downloaded directly in Chrome. The file is a television program, published by CCTV (China Central Television). CCTV is a non-profit, state-owned broadcaster, financed by the Chinese tax payer, which allows us to download their content without infringing copyrights.
Using wget, I can download the file from a different address, but not from the address that works in Chrome.
This is what I've tried to do:
url='http://114.80.235.200/f4v/94/163005294.h264_1.f4v?10000&key=7b9b1155dc632cbab92027511adcb300401443020d&playtype=1&tk=163659644989925531390490125&brt=2&bc=0&nt=0&du=1496650&ispid=23&rc=200&inf=1&si=11000&npc=1606&pp=0&ul=2&mt=-1&sid=10000&au=0&pc=0&cip=222.73.44.31&hf=0&id=tudou&itemid=135558267&fi=163005294&sz=59138302'
wget -c $url --user-agent="" -O xfgs.f4v
This doesn't work either:
wget -c $url -O xfgs.f4v
The output is:
Connecting to 118.26.57.12:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 403 Forbidden
2013-02-13 09:50:42 ERROR 403: Forbidden.
What am I doing wrong?
I ultimately want to download it with the Python library mechanize. Here is the code I'm using for that:
import mechanize
br = mechanize.Browser()
br = mechanize.Browser()
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.set_handle_equiv(False)
br.addheaders = [('User-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.1) Gecko/2008071615 Fedora/3.0.1-1.fc9 Firefox/3.0.1')]
url='http://114.80.235.200/f4v/94/163005294.h264_1.f4v?10000&key=7b9b1155dc632cbab92027511adcb300401443020d&playtype=1&tk=163659644989925531390490125&brt=2&bc=0&nt=0&du=1496650&ispid=23&rc=200&inf=1&si=11000&npc=1606&pp=0&ul=2&mt=-1&sid=10000&au=0&pc=0&cip=222.73.44.31&hf=0&id=tudou&itemid=135558267&fi=163005294&sz=59138302'
r = br.open(url).read()
tofile=open("/tmp/xfgs.f4v","w")
tofile.write(r)
tofile.close()
This is the result:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mechanize/_mechanize.py", line 203, in open
return self._mech_open(url, data, timeout=timeout)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mechanize/_mechanize.py", line 255, in _mech_open
raise response
mechanize._response.httperror_seek_wrapper: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden
Can anyone explain how to get the mechanize code to work please?
First of all, if you are attempting any kind of scraping (yes this counts as scraping even though you are not necessarily parsing HTML), you have a certain amount of preliminary investigation to perform.
If you don't already have Firefox and Firebug, get them. Then if you don't already have Chrome, get it.
Start up Firefox/Firebug, and Chrome, clear out all of your cookies/etc. Then open up Firebug, and in Chrome open up View->Developer->Developer Tools.
Then load up the main page of the video you are trying to grab. Take notice of any cookies/headers/POST variables/query string variables that are being set when the page loads. You may want to save this info somewhere.
Then try to download the video, once again, take notice of any cookies/headers/post variables/query string variables that are being set when the video is loaded. It is very likely that there was a cookie or POST variable set when you initially loaded the page, that is required to actually pull the video file.
When you write your python, you are going to need to emulate this interaction as closely as possible. Use python-requests. This is probably the simplest URL library available, and unless you run into a wall somehow with it (something it can't do), I would never use anything else. The second I started using python-requests, all of my URL fetching code shrunk by a factor of 5x.
Now, things are probably not going to work the first time you try them. Soooo, you will need to load the main page using python. Print out all of your cookies/headers/POST variables/query string variables, and compare them to what Chrome/Firebug had. Then try loading your video, once again, compare all of these values (that means what YOU sent the server, and what the SERVER sent you back as well). You will need to figure out what is different between them (don't worry, we ALL learned this one in Kindergarten... "one of these things is not like the other") and dissect how that difference is breaking stuff.
If at the end of all of this, you still can't figure it out, then you probably need to look at the HTML for the page that contains the link to the movie. Look for any javascript in the page. Then use Firebug/Chrome Developer Tools to inspect the javascript and see if it is doing some kind of management of your user session. If it is somehow generating tokens (cookies or POST/GET variables) related to video access, you will need to emulate its tokenizing method in python.
Hopefully all of this helps, and doesn't look too scary. The key is you are going to need to be a scientist. Figure out what you know, what you don't, what you want, and start experimenting and recording your results. Eventually a pattern will emerge.
Edit: Clarify steps
Investigate how state is being maintained
Pull initial page with python, grab any state info you need from it
Perform any tokenizing that may be required with that state info
Pull the video using the tokens from steps 2 and 3
If stuff blows up, output your request/response headers,cookies,query vars, post vars, and compare them to Chrome/Firebug
Return to step 1. until you find a solution
Edit:
You may also be getting redirected at either one of these requests (the html page or the file download). You will most likely miss the request/response in Firebug/Chrome if that is happening. The solution would be to use a sniffer like LiveHTTPHeaders, or like has been suggested by other responders, WireShark or Fiddler. Note that Fiddler will do you no good if you are on a Linux or OSX box. It is Windows only and is definitely focused on .NET development... (ugh). Wireshark is very useful but overkill for most problems, and depending on what machine you are running, you may have problems getting it working. So I would suggest LiveHTTPHeaders first.
I love this kind of problem
It seems that mechanize can do stateful browsing, meaning that it will keep context and cookies between browser requests. I would suggest to first load the complete page where the video is located, then do a second try to download the video explicitly. That way, the web server will think that it is a full (legit) browsing session ongoing
you can use selenium or watir to do all the stuff you need in a browser.
since you don't want to see the browser, you can run selenium headless.
see also this answer.
Assuming that you did not type the URL out of the blue by hand, use mechanize to first go to the page where you got that from. Then emulate the action you take to download the actual file (probably clicking a link or a button).
This might not work though as Mechanize keeps state of cookies and redirects, but does not handle any JavaScript real-time changes to the html pages. To check if JavaScript is crucial for the operation, switch of JavaScript in Chrome (or any other browser) and make sure you can download the file. If JavaScript is necessary, I would try and programmatically drive a browser to get the file.
My usual approach to trying this kind of scraping is
try wget or pythons urllib2
try mechanize
drive a browser
Unless there is some captcha, the last one usually works, but the others are easier (and faster).
In order to clarify the "why" part of your question you can route your browser and your code's requests through a debug proxy. If you are using windows I suggest fiddler2. There exist other debug proxies for other platforms as well. But fiddler2 is definitely my favourite.
http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/
https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project
http://www.charlesproxy.com/
Or more low level
http://netcat.sourceforge.net/
http://www.wireshark.org/
Once you know the differences it is usually much simpler to come up with a solution. I suspect that the other answers with regard to stateful browsing / cookies are correct. With the mentioned tools you can analyze these cookies and roll a suitable solution without going for browser automation.
I think many sites use temporary links that only exist in your session. The code in the url is probably something like your session-id. That means the particular link will never work again.
You'll have to reopen the page that contains the link using some library that accomodates this session (like mentioned in other answers). And then try to locate the link and only use it in this session.
While the current accepted answer (by G. Shearer) is the best possible advice for scraping in general, I've found a way to skip a few steps - with a firefox extension called cliget that takes the request context with all the http headers and cookies and generates a curl (or wget) command that is copied to the clipboard.
EDIT: this feature is also available in the network panels of firebug and the chrome debugger - right click request, "copy as curl"
Most of the time you'll get a very verbose command with a few apparently unneeded headers, but you can remove those one by one until the server rejects the request, instead of the opposite (which, honestly, I find frustrating - I often got stuck thinking what header was missing from the request).
(Also, you might want to remove the -O option from the curl commandline to see the result in stdout instead of downloading it to a file, and add -v to see the full header list)
Even if you don't want to use curl/wget, converting one curl/wget commandline to python code is just a matter of knowing how to add headers to an urllib request (or any http request library for that matter)
There's an open source, Python library, named ghost, that wraps a headless, WebKit browser, so you can control everything through a simple API:
from ghost import Ghost
ghost = Ghost()
page, resources = ghost.open('http://my.web.page')
It supports cookies, JavaScript and everything else. You can inject JavaScript into the page, and while it's headless, so it doesn't render anything graphically, you still have the DOM. It's a complete browser.
It wouldn't scale well, but it's lots of fun, and may be useful when you need something approaching a complete browser.
from urllib import urlopen
print urlopen(url) #python built-in high level interface to get ANY online resources, auto responds to HTTP error codes.
Did you try requests module? it's much simpler to use than urllib2 and pycurl etc.
yet it's powerful. it has following features: The link is here
International Domains and URLs
Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
Sessions with Cookie Persistence
Browser-style SSL Verification
Basic/Digest Authentication
Elegant Key/Value Cookies
Automatic Decompression
Unicode Response Bodies
Multipart File Uploads
Connection Timeouts
.netrc support
Python 2.6—3.3
Thread-safe.
You could use Internet Download Manager it is able to capture and download any streaming media from any website
I want to open a URL with Python code but I don't want to use the "webbrowser" module. I tried that already and it worked (It opened the URL in my actual default browser, which is what I DON'T want). So then I tried using urllib (urlopen) and mechanize. Both of them ran fine with my program but neither of them actually sent my request to the website!
Here is part of my code:
finalURL="http://www.locationary.com/access/proxy.jsp?ACTION_TOKEN=proxy_jsp$JspView$SaveAction&inPlaceID=" + str(newPID) + "&xxx_c_1_f_987=" + str(ZA[z])
print finalURL
print ""
br.open(finalURL)
page = urllib2.urlopen(finalURL).read()
When I go into the site, locationary.com, it doesn't show that any changes have been made! When I used "webbrowser" though, it did show changes on the website after I submitted my URL. How can I do the same thing that webbrowser does without actually opening a browser?
I think the website wants a "GET"
I'm not sure what OS you're working on, but if you use something like httpscoop (mac) or fiddler (pc) or wireshark, you should be able to watch the traffic and see what's happening. It may be that the website does a redirect (which your browser is following) or there's some other subsequent activity.
Start an HTTP sniffer, make the request using the web browser and watch the traffic. Once you've done that, try it with the python script and see if the request is being made, and what the difference is in the HTTP traffic. This should help identify where the disconnect is.
A HTTP GET doesn't need any specific code or action on the client side: It's just the base URL (http://server/) + path + optional query.
If the URL is correct, then the code above should work. Some pointers what you can try next:
Is the URL really correct? Use Firebug or a similar tool to watch the network traffic which gives you the full URL plus any header fields from the HTTP request.
Maybe the site requires you to log in, first. If so, make sure you set up cookies correctly.
Some sites require a correct "referrer" field (to protect themselves against deep linking). Add the referrer header which your browser used to the request.
The log file of the server is a great source of information to trouble shoot such problems - when you have access to it.