How can I format a float so that it doesn't contain trailing zeros? In other words, I want the resulting string to be as short as possible.
For example:
3 -> "3"
3. -> "3"
3.0 -> "3"
3.1 -> "3.1"
3.14 -> "3.14"
3.140 -> "3.14"
You could use %g to achieve this:
'%g'%(3.140)
or, with Python ≥ 2.6:
'{0:g}'.format(3.140)
or, with Python ≥ 3.6:
f'{3.140:g}'
From the docs for format: g causes (among other things)
insignificant trailing zeros [to be]
removed from the significand, and the
decimal point is also removed if there
are no remaining digits following it.
Me, I'd do ('%f' % x).rstrip('0').rstrip('.') -- guarantees fixed-point formatting rather than scientific notation, etc etc. Yeah, not as slick and elegant as %g, but, it works (and I don't know how to force %g to never use scientific notation;-).
After looking over answers to several similar questions, this seems to be the best solution for me:
def floatToString(inputValue):
return ('%.15f' % inputValue).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
My reasoning:
%g doesn't get rid of scientific notation.
>>> '%g' % 0.000035
'3.5e-05'
15 decimal places seems to avoid strange behavior and has plenty of precision for my needs.
>>> ('%.15f' % 1.35).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
'1.35'
>>> ('%.16f' % 1.35).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
'1.3500000000000001'
I could have used format(inputValue, '.15f'). instead of '%.15f' % inputValue, but that is a bit slower (~30%).
I could have used Decimal(inputValue).normalize(), but this has a few issues as well. For one, it is A LOT slower (~11x). I also found that although it has pretty great precision, it still suffers from precision loss when using normalize().
>>> Decimal('0.21000000000000000000000000006').normalize()
Decimal('0.2100000000000000000000000001')
>>> Decimal('0.21000000000000000000000000006')
Decimal('0.21000000000000000000000000006')
Most importantly, I would still be converting to Decimal from a float which can make you end up with something other than the number you put in there. I think Decimal works best when the arithmetic stays in Decimal and the Decimal is initialized with a string.
>>> Decimal(1.35)
Decimal('1.350000000000000088817841970012523233890533447265625')
>>> Decimal('1.35')
Decimal('1.35')
I'm sure the precision issue of Decimal.normalize() can be adjusted to what is needed using context settings, but considering the already slow speed and not needing ridiculous precision and the fact that I'd still be converting from a float and losing precision anyway, I didn't think it was worth pursuing.
I'm not concerned with the possible "-0" result since -0.0 is a valid floating point number and it would probably be a rare occurrence anyway, but since you did mention you want to keep the string result as short as possible, you could always use an extra conditional at very little extra speed cost.
def floatToString(inputValue):
result = ('%.15f' % inputValue).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
return '0' if result == '-0' else result
What about trying the easiest and probably most effective approach?
The method normalize() removes all the rightmost trailing zeros.
from decimal import Decimal
print (Decimal('0.001000').normalize())
# Result: 0.001
Works in Python 2 and Python 3.
-- Updated --
The only problem as #BobStein-VisiBone pointed out, is that numbers like 10, 100, 1000... will be displayed in exponential representation. This can be easily fixed using the following function instead:
from decimal import Decimal
def format_float(f):
d = Decimal(str(f));
return d.quantize(Decimal(1)) if d == d.to_integral() else d.normalize()
Here's a solution that worked for me. It's a blend of the solution by PolyMesh and use of the new .format() syntax.
for num in 3, 3., 3.0, 3.1, 3.14, 3.140:
print('{0:.2f}'.format(num).rstrip('0').rstrip('.'))
Output:
3
3
3
3.1
3.14
3.14
You can simply use format() to achieve this:
format(3.140, '.10g') where 10 is the precision you want.
if you want something that works both on numeric or string input (thanks to #mike-placentra for bug hunting):
def num(s):
""" 3.0 -> 3, 3.001000 -> 3.001 otherwise return s """
s = str(s)
try:
int(float(s))
if '.' not in s:
s += '.0'
return s.rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
except ValueError:
return s
>>> for n in [3, 3., 3.0, 3.1, 3.14, 3.140, 3.001000, 30 ]: print(num(n))
...
3
3
3
3.1
3.14
3.14
3.001
30
>>> for n in [3, 3., 3.0, 3.1, 3.14, 3.140, 3.001000, 30 ]: print(num(str(n)))
...
3
3
3
3.1
3.14
3.14
3.001
30
>>> str(a if a % 1 else int(a))
While formatting is likely that most Pythonic way, here is an alternate solution using the more_itertools.rstrip tool.
import more_itertools as mit
def fmt(num, pred=None):
iterable = str(num)
predicate = pred if pred is not None else lambda x: x in {".", "0"}
return "".join(mit.rstrip(iterable, predicate))
assert fmt(3) == "3"
assert fmt(3.) == "3"
assert fmt(3.0) == "3"
assert fmt(3.1) == "3.1"
assert fmt(3.14) == "3.14"
assert fmt(3.140) == "3.14"
assert fmt(3.14000) == "3.14"
assert fmt("3,0", pred=lambda x: x in set(",0")) == "3"
The number is converted to a string, which is stripped of trailing characters that satisfy a predicate. The function definition fmt is not required, but it is used here to test assertions, which all pass. Note: it works on string inputs and accepts optional predicates.
See also details on this third-party library, more_itertools.
For float you could use this:
def format_float(num):
return ('%i' if num == int(num) else '%s') % num
Test it:
>>> format_float(1.00000)
'1'
>>> format_float(1.1234567890000000000)
'1.123456789'
For Decimal see solution here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/42668598/5917543
Here's the answer:
import numpy
num1 = 3.1400
num2 = 3.000
numpy.format_float_positional(num1, 3, trim='-')
numpy.format_float_positional(num2, 3, trim='-')
output "3.14" and "3"
trim='-' removes both the trailing zero's, and the decimal.
A new challenger has appeared.
def prettify_float(real: float, precision: int = 2) -> str:
'''
Prettify the passed floating-point number into a human-readable string,
rounded and truncated to the passed number of decimal places.
This converter prettifies floating-point numbers for human consumption,
producing more readable results than the default :meth:`float.__str__`
dunder method. Notably, this converter:
* Strips all ignorable trailing zeroes and decimal points from this number
(e.g., ``3`` rather than either ``3.`` or ``3.0``).
* Rounds to the passed precision for perceptual uniformity.
Parameters
----------
real : float
Arbitrary floating-point number to be prettified.
precision : int, optional
**Precision** (i.e., number of decimal places to round to). Defaults to
a precision of 2 decimal places.
Returns
----------
str
Human-readable string prettified from this floating-point number.
Raises
----------
ValueError
If this precision is negative.
'''
# If this precision is negative, raise an exception.
if precision < 0:
raise ValueError(f'Negative precision {precision} unsupported.')
# Else, this precision is non-negative.
# String prettified from this floating-point number. In order:
# * Coerce this number into a string rounded to this precision.
# * Truncate all trailing zeroes from this string.
# * Truncate any trailing decimal place if any from this string.
result = f'{real:.{precision}f}'.rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
# If rounding this string from a small negative number (e.g., "-0.001")
# yielded the anomalous result of "-0", return "0" instead; else, return
# this result as is.
return '0' if result == '-0' else result
Don't Believe My Lies
pytest-style unit tests or it didn't happen.
def test_prettify_float() -> None:
'''
Test usage of the :func:`prettify_float` prettifier.
'''
# Defer test-specific imports.
from pytest import raises
# Assert this function prettifies zero as expected.
assert prettify_float(0.0) == '0'
# Assert this function prettifies a negative integer as expected.
assert prettify_float(-2.0) == '-2'
# Assert this prettifier prettifies a small negative float as expected.
assert prettify_float(-0.001) == '0'
# Assert this prettifier prettifies a larger negative float as expected.
assert prettify_float(-2.718281828) == '-2.72'
assert prettify_float(-2.718281828, precision=4) == '-2.7183'
# Assert this function prettifies a positive integer as expected.
assert prettify_float(3.0) == '3'
# Assert this function prettifies a positive float as expected.
assert prettify_float(3.14159265359) == '3.14'
assert prettify_float(3.14159265359, precision=4) == '3.1416'
# Assert this prettifier raises the expected exception when passed a
# negative precision.
with raises(ValueError):
prettify_float(2.718281828, precision=-2)
%100 Pure Python
Ignore seductively simpler answers that promote:
Trivial one liners. They all fail under common edge cases like whole numbers or small negative floats.
Third-party packages. NumPy, QuantiPhy, and more_itertools? Surely you jest. Don't increase your maintenance burden or code debt any more than you must. That said...
Throw #beartype on prettify_float() for added runtime safety and you're golden! Your userbase will shower you with praise. Then so will I. Also, I'm pretty sure my bias is showing here.
See Also
This answer stands on the shoulders of giant mammoths – including:
Alex Martelli's clever accepted answer.
PolyMesh's generalization of Martelli's answer to catch the edge case of small negative floats.
Kaushal Modi's generalization of PolyMesh's answer to force a precision of two decimal places.
OP would like to remove superflouous zeros and make the resulting string as short as possible.
I find the %g exponential formatting shortens the resulting string for very large and very small values. The problem comes for values that don't need exponential notation, like 128.0, which is neither very large or very small.
Here is one way to format numbers as short strings that uses %g exponential notation only when Decimal.normalize creates strings that are too long. This might not be the fastest solution (since it does use Decimal.normalize)
def floatToString (inputValue, precision = 3):
rc = str(Decimal(inputValue).normalize())
if 'E' in rc or len(rc) > 5:
rc = '{0:.{1}g}'.format(inputValue, precision)
return rc
inputs = [128.0, 32768.0, 65536, 65536 * 2, 31.5, 1.000, 10.0]
outputs = [floatToString(i) for i in inputs]
print(outputs)
# ['128', '32768', '65536', '1.31e+05', '31.5', '1', '10']
Using the QuantiPhy package is an option. Normally QuantiPhy is used when
working with numbers with units and SI scale factors, but it has a variety of
nice number formatting options.
>>> from quantiphy import Quantity
>>> cases = '3 3. 3.0 3.1 3.14 3.140 3.14000'.split()
>>> for case in cases:
... q = Quantity(case)
... print(f'{case:>7} -> {q:p}')
3 -> 3
3. -> 3
3.0 -> 3
3.1 -> 3.1
3.14 -> 3.14
3.140 -> 3.14
3.14000 -> 3.14
And it will not use e-notation in this situation:
>>> cases = '3.14e-9 3.14 3.14e9'.split()
>>> for case in cases:
... q = Quantity(case)
... print(f'{case:>7} -> {q:,p}')
3.14e-9 -> 0
3.14 -> 3.14
3.14e9 -> 3,140,000,000
An alternative you might prefer is to use SI scale factors, perhaps with units.
>>> cases = '3e-9 3.14e-9 3 3.14 3e9 3.14e9'.split()
>>> for case in cases:
... q = Quantity(case, 'm')
... print(f'{case:>7} -> {q}')
3e-9 -> 3 nm
3.14e-9 -> 3.14 nm
3 -> 3 m
3.14 -> 3.14 m
3e9 -> 3 Gm
3.14e9 -> 3.14 Gm
If you can live with 3. and 3.0 appearing as "3.0", a very simple approach that right-strips zeros from float representations:
print("%s"%3.140)
(thanks #ellimilial for pointing out the exceptions)
Try this and it will allow you to add a "precision" variable to set how many decimal places you want. Just remember that it will round up. Please note that this will only work if there is a decimal in the string.
number = 4.364004650000000
precision = 2
result = "{:.{}f}".format(float(format(number).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')), precision)
Output
4.364004650000000
4.36
Use %g with big enough width, for example '%.99g'.
It will print in fixed-point notation for any reasonably big number.
EDIT: it doesn't work
>>> '%.99g' % 0.0000001
'9.99999999999999954748111825886258685613938723690807819366455078125e-08'
You can use max() like this:
print(max(int(x), x))
"{:.5g}".format(x)
I use this to format floats to trail zeros.
You can achieve that in most pythonic way like that:
python3:
"{:0.0f}".format(num)
Handling %f and you should put
%.2f
, where:
.2f == .00 floats.
Example:
print "Price: %.2f" % prices[product]
output:
Price: 1.50
Related
I want to remove digits from a float to have a fixed number of digits after the dot, like:
1.923328437452 → 1.923
I need to output as a string to another function, not print.
Also I want to ignore the lost digits, not round them.
round(1.923328437452, 3)
See Python's documentation on the standard types. You'll need to scroll down a bit to get to the round function. Essentially the second number says how many decimal places to round it to.
First, the function, for those who just want some copy-and-paste code:
def truncate(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads a float f to n decimal places without rounding'''
s = '{}'.format(f)
if 'e' in s or 'E' in s:
return '{0:.{1}f}'.format(f, n)
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
return '.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
This is valid in Python 2.7 and 3.1+. For older versions, it's not possible to get the same "intelligent rounding" effect (at least, not without a lot of complicated code), but rounding to 12 decimal places before truncation will work much of the time:
def truncate(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads a float f to n decimal places without rounding'''
s = '%.12f' % f
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
return '.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
Explanation
The core of the underlying method is to convert the value to a string at full precision and then just chop off everything beyond the desired number of characters. The latter step is easy; it can be done either with string manipulation
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
'.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
or the decimal module
str(Decimal(s).quantize(Decimal((0, (1,), -n)), rounding=ROUND_DOWN))
The first step, converting to a string, is quite difficult because there are some pairs of floating point literals (i.e. what you write in the source code) which both produce the same binary representation and yet should be truncated differently. For example, consider 0.3 and 0.29999999999999998. If you write 0.3 in a Python program, the compiler encodes it using the IEEE floating-point format into the sequence of bits (assuming a 64-bit float)
0011111111010011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
This is the closest value to 0.3 that can accurately be represented as an IEEE float. But if you write 0.29999999999999998 in a Python program, the compiler translates it into exactly the same value. In one case, you meant it to be truncated (to one digit) as 0.3, whereas in the other case you meant it to be truncated as 0.2, but Python can only give one answer. This is a fundamental limitation of Python, or indeed any programming language without lazy evaluation. The truncation function only has access to the binary value stored in the computer's memory, not the string you actually typed into the source code.1
If you decode the sequence of bits back into a decimal number, again using the IEEE 64-bit floating-point format, you get
0.2999999999999999888977697537484345957637...
so a naive implementation would come up with 0.2 even though that's probably not what you want. For more on floating-point representation error, see the Python tutorial.
It's very rare to be working with a floating-point value that is so close to a round number and yet is intentionally not equal to that round number. So when truncating, it probably makes sense to choose the "nicest" decimal representation out of all that could correspond to the value in memory. Python 2.7 and up (but not 3.0) includes a sophisticated algorithm to do just that, which we can access through the default string formatting operation.
'{}'.format(f)
The only caveat is that this acts like a g format specification, in the sense that it uses exponential notation (1.23e+4) if the number is large or small enough. So the method has to catch this case and handle it differently. There are a few cases where using an f format specification instead causes a problem, such as trying to truncate 3e-10 to 28 digits of precision (it produces 0.0000000002999999999999999980), and I'm not yet sure how best to handle those.
If you actually are working with floats that are very close to round numbers but intentionally not equal to them (like 0.29999999999999998 or 99.959999999999994), this will produce some false positives, i.e. it'll round numbers that you didn't want rounded. In that case the solution is to specify a fixed precision.
'{0:.{1}f}'.format(f, sys.float_info.dig + n + 2)
The number of digits of precision to use here doesn't really matter, it only needs to be large enough to ensure that any rounding performed in the string conversion doesn't "bump up" the value to its nice decimal representation. I think sys.float_info.dig + n + 2 may be enough in all cases, but if not that 2 might have to be increased, and it doesn't hurt to do so.
In earlier versions of Python (up to 2.6, or 3.0), the floating point number formatting was a lot more crude, and would regularly produce things like
>>> 1.1
1.1000000000000001
If this is your situation, if you do want to use "nice" decimal representations for truncation, all you can do (as far as I know) is pick some number of digits, less than the full precision representable by a float, and round the number to that many digits before truncating it. A typical choice is 12,
'%.12f' % f
but you can adjust this to suit the numbers you're using.
1Well... I lied. Technically, you can instruct Python to re-parse its own source code and extract the part corresponding to the first argument you pass to the truncation function. If that argument is a floating-point literal, you can just cut it off a certain number of places after the decimal point and return that. However this strategy doesn't work if the argument is a variable, which makes it fairly useless. The following is presented for entertainment value only:
def trunc_introspect(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads the float f to n decimal places by looking at the caller's source code'''
current_frame = None
caller_frame = None
s = inspect.stack()
try:
current_frame = s[0]
caller_frame = s[1]
gen = tokenize.tokenize(io.BytesIO(caller_frame[4][caller_frame[5]].encode('utf-8')).readline)
for token_type, token_string, _, _, _ in gen:
if token_type == tokenize.NAME and token_string == current_frame[3]:
next(gen) # left parenthesis
token_type, token_string, _, _, _ = next(gen) # float literal
if token_type == tokenize.NUMBER:
try:
cut_point = token_string.index('.') + n + 1
except ValueError: # no decimal in string
return token_string + '.' + '0' * n
else:
if len(token_string) < cut_point:
token_string += '0' * (cut_point - len(token_string))
return token_string[:cut_point]
else:
raise ValueError('Unable to find floating-point literal (this probably means you called {} with a variable)'.format(current_frame[3]))
break
finally:
del s, current_frame, caller_frame
Generalizing this to handle the case where you pass in a variable seems like a lost cause, since you'd have to trace backwards through the program's execution until you find the floating-point literal which gave the variable its value. If there even is one. Most variables will be initialized from user input or mathematical expressions, in which case the binary representation is all there is.
The result of round is a float, so watch out (example is from Python 2.6):
>>> round(1.923328437452, 3)
1.923
>>> round(1.23456, 3)
1.2350000000000001
You will be better off when using a formatted string:
>>> "%.3f" % 1.923328437452
'1.923'
>>> "%.3f" % 1.23456
'1.235'
n = 1.923328437452
str(n)[:4]
At my Python 2.7 prompt:
>>> int(1.923328437452 * 1000)/1000.0
1.923
The truely pythonic way of doing it is
from decimal import *
with localcontext() as ctx:
ctx.rounding = ROUND_DOWN
print Decimal('1.923328437452').quantize(Decimal('0.001'))
or shorter:
from decimal import Decimal as D, ROUND_DOWN
D('1.923328437452').quantize(D('0.001'), rounding=ROUND_DOWN)
Update
Usually the problem is not in truncating floats itself, but in the improper usage of float numbers before rounding.
For example: int(0.7*3*100)/100 == 2.09.
If you are forced to use floats (say, you're accelerating your code with numba), it's better to use cents as "internal representation" of prices: (70*3 == 210) and multiply/divide the inputs/outputs.
Simple python script -
n = 1.923328437452
n = float(int(n * 1000))
n /=1000
def trunc(num, digits):
sp = str(num).split('.')
return '.'.join([sp[0], sp[1][:digits]])
This should work. It should give you the truncation you are looking for.
So many of the answers given for this question are just completely wrong. They either round up floats (rather than truncate) or do not work for all cases.
This is the top Google result when I search for 'Python truncate float', a concept which is really straightforward, and which deserves better answers. I agree with Hatchkins that using the decimal module is the pythonic way of doing this, so I give here a function which I think answers the question correctly, and which works as expected for all cases.
As a side-note, fractional values, in general, cannot be represented exactly by binary floating point variables (see here for a discussion of this), which is why my function returns a string.
from decimal import Decimal, localcontext, ROUND_DOWN
def truncate(number, places):
if not isinstance(places, int):
raise ValueError("Decimal places must be an integer.")
if places < 1:
raise ValueError("Decimal places must be at least 1.")
# If you want to truncate to 0 decimal places, just do int(number).
with localcontext() as context:
context.rounding = ROUND_DOWN
exponent = Decimal(str(10 ** - places))
return Decimal(str(number)).quantize(exponent).to_eng_string()
>>> from math import floor
>>> floor((1.23658945) * 10**4) / 10**4
1.2365
# divide and multiply by 10**number of desired digits
If you fancy some mathemagic, this works for +ve numbers:
>>> v = 1.923328437452
>>> v - v % 1e-3
1.923
I did something like this:
from math import trunc
def truncate(number, decimals=0):
if decimals < 0:
raise ValueError('truncate received an invalid value of decimals ({})'.format(decimals))
elif decimals == 0:
return trunc(number)
else:
factor = float(10**decimals)
return trunc(number*factor)/factor
You can do:
def truncate(f, n):
return math.floor(f * 10 ** n) / 10 ** n
testing:
>>> f=1.923328437452
>>> [truncate(f, n) for n in range(5)]
[1.0, 1.9, 1.92, 1.923, 1.9233]
Just wanted to mention that the old "make round() with floor()" trick of
round(f) = floor(f+0.5)
can be turned around to make floor() from round()
floor(f) = round(f-0.5)
Although both these rules break around negative numbers, so using it is less than ideal:
def trunc(f, n):
if f > 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, (f - 0.5*10**-n))
elif f == 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, f)
elif f < 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, (f + 0.5*10**-n))
def precision(value, precision):
"""
param: value: takes a float
param: precision: int, number of decimal places
returns a float
"""
x = 10.0**precision
num = int(value * x)/ x
return num
precision(1.923328437452, 3)
1.923
Short and easy variant
def truncate_float(value, digits_after_point=2):
pow_10 = 10 ** digits_after_point
return (float(int(value * pow_10))) / pow_10
>>> truncate_float(1.14333, 2)
>>> 1.14
>>> truncate_float(1.14777, 2)
>>> 1.14
>>> truncate_float(1.14777, 4)
>>> 1.1477
When using a pandas df this worked for me
import math
def truncate(number, digits) -> float:
stepper = 10.0 ** digits
return math.trunc(stepper * number) / stepper
df['trunc'] = df['float_val'].apply(lambda x: truncate(x,1))
df['trunc']=df['trunc'].map('{:.1f}'.format)
int(16.5);
this will give an integer value of 16, i.e. trunc, won't be able to specify decimals, but guess you can do that by
import math;
def trunc(invalue, digits):
return int(invalue*math.pow(10,digits))/math.pow(10,digits);
Here is an easy way:
def truncate(num, res=3):
return (floor(num*pow(10, res)+0.5))/pow(10, res)
for num = 1.923328437452, this outputs 1.923
def trunc(f,n):
return ('%.16f' % f)[:(n-16)]
A general and simple function to use:
def truncate_float(number, length):
"""Truncate float numbers, up to the number specified
in length that must be an integer"""
number = number * pow(10, length)
number = int(number)
number = float(number)
number /= pow(10, length)
return number
There is an easy workaround in python 3. Where to cut I defined with an help variable decPlace to make it easy to adapt.
f = 1.12345
decPlace= 4
f_cut = int(f * 10**decPlace) /10**decPlace
Output:
f = 1.1234
Hope it helps.
Most answers are way too complicated in my opinion, how about this?
digits = 2 # Specify how many digits you want
fnum = '122.485221'
truncated_float = float(fnum[:fnum.find('.') + digits + 1])
>>> 122.48
Simply scanning for the index of '.' and truncate as desired (no rounding).
Convert string to float as final step.
Or in your case if you get a float as input and want a string as output:
fnum = str(122.485221) # convert float to string first
truncated_float = fnum[:fnum.find('.') + digits + 1] # string output
I think a better version would be just to find the index of decimal point . and then to take the string slice accordingly:
def truncate(number, n_digits:int=1)->float:
'''
:param number: real number ℝ
:param n_digits: Maximum number of digits after the decimal point after truncation
:return: truncated floating point number with at least one digit after decimal point
'''
decimalIndex = str(number).find('.')
if decimalIndex == -1:
return float(number)
else:
return float(str(number)[:decimalIndex+n_digits+1])
int(1.923328437452 * 1000) / 1000
>>> 1.923
int(1.9239 * 1000) / 1000
>>> 1.923
By multiplying the number by 1000 (10 ^ 3 for 3 digits) we shift the decimal point 3 places to the right and get 1923.3284374520001. When we convert that to an int the fractional part 3284374520001 will be discarded. Then we undo the shifting of the decimal point again by dividing by 1000 which returns 1.923.
use numpy.round
import numpy as np
precision = 3
floats = [1.123123123, 2.321321321321]
new_float = np.round(floats, precision)
Something simple enough to fit in a list-comprehension, with no libraries or other external dependencies. For Python >=3.6, it's very simple to write with f-strings.
The idea is to let the string-conversion do the rounding to one more place than you need and then chop off the last digit.
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nout+1}f}'[:-1] for x in [2/3, 4/5, 8/9, 9/8, 5/4, 3/2]]
['0.666', '0.800', '0.888', '1.125', '1.250', '1.500']
Of course, there is rounding happening here (namely for the fourth digit), but rounding at some point is unvoidable. In case the transition between truncation and rounding is relevant, here's a slightly better example:
>>> nacc = 6 # desired accuracy (maximum 15!)
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nacc}f}'[:-(nacc-nout)] for x in [2.9999, 2.99999, 2.999999, 2.9999999]]
>>> ['2.999', '2.999', '2.999', '3.000']
Bonus: removing zeros on the right
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nout+1}f}'[:-1].rstrip('0') for x in [2/3, 4/5, 8/9, 9/8, 5/4, 3/2]]
['0.666', '0.8', '0.888', '1.125', '1.25', '1.5']
The core idea given here seems to me to be the best approach for this problem.
Unfortunately, it has received less votes while the later answer that has more votes is not complete (as observed in the comments). Hopefully, the implementation below provides a short and complete solution for truncation.
def trunc(num, digits):
l = str(float(num)).split('.')
digits = min(len(l[1]), digits)
return l[0] + '.' + l[1][:digits]
which should take care of all corner cases found here and here.
Am also a python newbie and after making use of some bits and pieces here, I offer my two cents
print str(int(time.time()))+str(datetime.now().microsecond)[:3]
str(int(time.time())) will take the time epoch as int and convert it to string and join with...
str(datetime.now().microsecond)[:3] which returns the microseconds only, convert to string and truncate to first 3 chars
# value value to be truncated
# n number of values after decimal
value = 0.999782
n = 3
float(int(value*1en))*1e-n
This is a really simple question. Lets denote the following:
>>> x = 1.2876
Now, round has this great optional second parameter that will round at that decimal place:
>>> round(x,3)
1.288
I was wondering if there is a simple way to round down the numbers. math.floor(x,3) returns an error rather than 1.287
This may be the easiest, if by "rounding down" you mean "toward minus infinity" (as floor() does):
>>> x = 1.2876
>>> x - x % .001
1.287
>>> x = -1.1111
>>> x - x % .001
-1.112
This is prone to lots of shallow surprises, though, due to that most decimal values cannot be exactly represented as binary floating-point values. If those bother you, do something similar with decimal.Decimal values instead.
This is just something that appeared in my mind. Why don't we convert it to string, and then floor it?
import math
def floor_float(x, index):
sx = str(x)
sx = sx[:index]+str(math.floor(float(sx[index]+"."+sx[index+1])))
return float(sx)
A little advantage is that it's more representating-error-proof, it's more accurate in representating the numbers (since it's a string):
>>> floor_float(10.8976540981, 8)
10.897654
This maybe not the best pythonic solution though.. But it works quite well :)
Update
In Python 2.x, math.floor returns a float instead of integer. To make this work you'll to convert the result, to an integer:
sx = sx[:index]+str(int(math.floor(float(sx[index]+"."+sx[index+1]))))
Update2
To be honest, the code above is basically nonsense, and too complicated ;)
Since it's flooring, you can just truncate the string, and float it back:
def floor_float(x, i):
return float(str(x)[:i])
There's always floor(x*10**3)*10**-3.
Another approach, building on the decimal module's more elaborate facilities. Like the builtin round(), this also supports negative "digits":
>>> round(1234.5, -1) # builtin behavior for negative `ndigits`
1230.0
>>> round(1234.5, -2)
1200.0
>>> round(1234.5, -3)
1000.0
and you can use any of the 8(!) rounding modes defined in decimal.
from decimal import ROUND_DOWN
def rfloat(x, ndigits=0, rounding=ROUND_DOWN):
from decimal import Decimal as D
proto = D("1e%d" % -ndigits)
return float(D(str(x)).quantize(proto, rounding))
Example:
for i in range(-4, 6):
print i, "->", rfloat(-55555.55555, i)
produces:
-4 -> -50000.0
-3 -> -55000.0
-2 -> -55500.0
-1 -> -55550.0
0 -> -55555.0
1 -> -55555.5
2 -> -55555.55
3 -> -55555.555
4 -> -55555.5555
5 -> -55555.55555
Try to parse strings instead at your own risk ;-)
def roundDown(num, places):
return int(num*(10**places))/float(10**places)
def isinteger(x):
while x > 0.0:
x = x - 1.0
if x < 0.0:
return 0.0
elif x == 0:
return 1.0
d = input('')
print isinteger(d)
The code is somewhat self explanatory. I'm using it for a fractran interpreter. Here is my problem: I input a fraction, such as 22/7, and I get a 1 as my output. Does it have something to do with python's IO?
The input function evaluates your 22/7 exactly the same way as if it had been entered into the python interpreter. Since both 22 and 7 are integers you get an integer division with a result of 3. If you want float division, enter either 22.0/7 or 22/7.0 both of which result in 3.146....
If you're using python 2, inputting "22/7" directly leads to integer division, i.e. it rounds your input down to 3, thus the algorithm returns 1. Try inputting 22.0/7 instead.
Also, you might want to consider faster alternatives to this algorithm if you're using it for anything real. Possibilities:
def isinteger(x):
return int(x) == x
def isinteger(x):
return isinstance(x, int)
22.0/7 vs 22/7 aside, there is another problem with this approach: it does not work in the majority of programming languages, because of the way floating point numbers are represented. For example, using your original function:
In [37]: isinteger(190.000000000000000001)
Out[37]: 1.0
Using Sean's int(x) == x suggestion:
In [39]: x = 190.000000000000000001
In [40]: int(x) == x
Out[40]: True
I realize it doesn't directly address the question, but I hope it will prevent a future one :)
If you want to check for integer for example for finding big perfect squares, you must consider inaccuracy of binary representations (abs is not needed for positive numbers, but is needed for negative numbers):
x = -190.00000000001
print int(x) == x
epsilon = 1E-10
def isinteger(n):
" near enoungh to pass as integer considering round of errors "
return abs(n-int(n)) < epsilon
print isinteger(x)
Implied eval of Python2 is considered too powerfull to be safe. If you want to input numbers instead of let user to give any formula (and in every case you need to add try...except handling for the users input):
number = raw_input('Give number: ')
number = int(number) if all(c.isdigit() for c in number) else float(number)
print number
your inputs are both integers so it results in giving 3 as input thereby it produces 1 as output.
How to shorten the float result I got? I only need 2 digits after the dot. Sorry I really don't know how to explain this better in English...
Thanks
From The Floating-Point Guide's Python cheat sheet:
"%.2f" % 1.2399 # returns "1.24"
"%.3f" % 1.2399 # returns "1.240"
"%.2f" % 1.2 # returns "1.20"
Using round() is the wrong thing to do, because floats are binary fractions which cannot represent decimal digits accurately.
If you need to do calculations with decimal digits, use the Decimal type in the decimal module.
If you want a number, use the round() function:
>>> round(12.3456, 2)
12.35
(but +1 for Michael's answer re. the Decimal type.)
If you want a string:
>>> print "%.2f" % 12.34567
12.35
One way:
>>> number = 1
>>> '{:.2f}'.format(number) #1.00
>>> '{:.3f}'.format(number) #1.000
second way:
>>> '%.2f' % number #1.00
>>> '%.3f' % number #1.000
see "format python"
From :
Python Docs
round(x[, n])
Return the floating point value x rounded to n digits after the decimal point. If n is omitted, it defaults to zero. The result is a floating point number. Values are rounded to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus n; if two multiples are equally close, rounding is done away from 0 (so. for example, round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0).
Note The behavior of round() for floats can be surprising: for example, round(2.675, 2) gives 2.67 instead of the expected 2.68. This is not a bug: it’s a result of the fact that most decimal fractions can’t be represented exactly as a float. See Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations for more information.
Looks like round (293.466....[, 2]) would do it,
I hope this will help.
def do(*args):
formattedList = [float("{:.2f}".format(num)) for num in args]
_result =(sum(formattedList))
result = round(_result,2)
return result
print(do(23.2332,45.24567,67,54.27))
Result:
189.75
x = round(293.4662543, 2)
>>> print "%.2f" % 293.44612345
293.45
If you need numbers like 2.3k or 12M, this function does the job:
def get_shortened_integer(number_to_shorten):
""" Takes integer and returns a formatted string """
trailing_zeros = floor(log10(abs(number_to_shorten)))
if trailing_zeros < 3:
# Ignore everything below 1000
return trailing_zeros
elif 3 <= trailing_zeros <= 5:
# Truncate thousands, e.g. 1.3k
return str(round(number_to_shorten/(10**3), 1)) + 'k'
elif 6 <= trailing_zeros <= 8:
# Truncate millions like 3.2M
return str(round(number_to_shorten/(10**6), 1)) + 'M'
else:
raise ValueError('Values larger or equal to a billion not supported')
Results:
>>> get_shortened_integer(2300)
2.3k # <-- str
>>> get_shortened_integer(1300000)
1.3M # <-- str
I want to remove digits from a float to have a fixed number of digits after the dot, like:
1.923328437452 → 1.923
I need to output as a string to another function, not print.
Also I want to ignore the lost digits, not round them.
round(1.923328437452, 3)
See Python's documentation on the standard types. You'll need to scroll down a bit to get to the round function. Essentially the second number says how many decimal places to round it to.
First, the function, for those who just want some copy-and-paste code:
def truncate(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads a float f to n decimal places without rounding'''
s = '{}'.format(f)
if 'e' in s or 'E' in s:
return '{0:.{1}f}'.format(f, n)
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
return '.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
This is valid in Python 2.7 and 3.1+. For older versions, it's not possible to get the same "intelligent rounding" effect (at least, not without a lot of complicated code), but rounding to 12 decimal places before truncation will work much of the time:
def truncate(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads a float f to n decimal places without rounding'''
s = '%.12f' % f
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
return '.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
Explanation
The core of the underlying method is to convert the value to a string at full precision and then just chop off everything beyond the desired number of characters. The latter step is easy; it can be done either with string manipulation
i, p, d = s.partition('.')
'.'.join([i, (d+'0'*n)[:n]])
or the decimal module
str(Decimal(s).quantize(Decimal((0, (1,), -n)), rounding=ROUND_DOWN))
The first step, converting to a string, is quite difficult because there are some pairs of floating point literals (i.e. what you write in the source code) which both produce the same binary representation and yet should be truncated differently. For example, consider 0.3 and 0.29999999999999998. If you write 0.3 in a Python program, the compiler encodes it using the IEEE floating-point format into the sequence of bits (assuming a 64-bit float)
0011111111010011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
This is the closest value to 0.3 that can accurately be represented as an IEEE float. But if you write 0.29999999999999998 in a Python program, the compiler translates it into exactly the same value. In one case, you meant it to be truncated (to one digit) as 0.3, whereas in the other case you meant it to be truncated as 0.2, but Python can only give one answer. This is a fundamental limitation of Python, or indeed any programming language without lazy evaluation. The truncation function only has access to the binary value stored in the computer's memory, not the string you actually typed into the source code.1
If you decode the sequence of bits back into a decimal number, again using the IEEE 64-bit floating-point format, you get
0.2999999999999999888977697537484345957637...
so a naive implementation would come up with 0.2 even though that's probably not what you want. For more on floating-point representation error, see the Python tutorial.
It's very rare to be working with a floating-point value that is so close to a round number and yet is intentionally not equal to that round number. So when truncating, it probably makes sense to choose the "nicest" decimal representation out of all that could correspond to the value in memory. Python 2.7 and up (but not 3.0) includes a sophisticated algorithm to do just that, which we can access through the default string formatting operation.
'{}'.format(f)
The only caveat is that this acts like a g format specification, in the sense that it uses exponential notation (1.23e+4) if the number is large or small enough. So the method has to catch this case and handle it differently. There are a few cases where using an f format specification instead causes a problem, such as trying to truncate 3e-10 to 28 digits of precision (it produces 0.0000000002999999999999999980), and I'm not yet sure how best to handle those.
If you actually are working with floats that are very close to round numbers but intentionally not equal to them (like 0.29999999999999998 or 99.959999999999994), this will produce some false positives, i.e. it'll round numbers that you didn't want rounded. In that case the solution is to specify a fixed precision.
'{0:.{1}f}'.format(f, sys.float_info.dig + n + 2)
The number of digits of precision to use here doesn't really matter, it only needs to be large enough to ensure that any rounding performed in the string conversion doesn't "bump up" the value to its nice decimal representation. I think sys.float_info.dig + n + 2 may be enough in all cases, but if not that 2 might have to be increased, and it doesn't hurt to do so.
In earlier versions of Python (up to 2.6, or 3.0), the floating point number formatting was a lot more crude, and would regularly produce things like
>>> 1.1
1.1000000000000001
If this is your situation, if you do want to use "nice" decimal representations for truncation, all you can do (as far as I know) is pick some number of digits, less than the full precision representable by a float, and round the number to that many digits before truncating it. A typical choice is 12,
'%.12f' % f
but you can adjust this to suit the numbers you're using.
1Well... I lied. Technically, you can instruct Python to re-parse its own source code and extract the part corresponding to the first argument you pass to the truncation function. If that argument is a floating-point literal, you can just cut it off a certain number of places after the decimal point and return that. However this strategy doesn't work if the argument is a variable, which makes it fairly useless. The following is presented for entertainment value only:
def trunc_introspect(f, n):
'''Truncates/pads the float f to n decimal places by looking at the caller's source code'''
current_frame = None
caller_frame = None
s = inspect.stack()
try:
current_frame = s[0]
caller_frame = s[1]
gen = tokenize.tokenize(io.BytesIO(caller_frame[4][caller_frame[5]].encode('utf-8')).readline)
for token_type, token_string, _, _, _ in gen:
if token_type == tokenize.NAME and token_string == current_frame[3]:
next(gen) # left parenthesis
token_type, token_string, _, _, _ = next(gen) # float literal
if token_type == tokenize.NUMBER:
try:
cut_point = token_string.index('.') + n + 1
except ValueError: # no decimal in string
return token_string + '.' + '0' * n
else:
if len(token_string) < cut_point:
token_string += '0' * (cut_point - len(token_string))
return token_string[:cut_point]
else:
raise ValueError('Unable to find floating-point literal (this probably means you called {} with a variable)'.format(current_frame[3]))
break
finally:
del s, current_frame, caller_frame
Generalizing this to handle the case where you pass in a variable seems like a lost cause, since you'd have to trace backwards through the program's execution until you find the floating-point literal which gave the variable its value. If there even is one. Most variables will be initialized from user input or mathematical expressions, in which case the binary representation is all there is.
The result of round is a float, so watch out (example is from Python 2.6):
>>> round(1.923328437452, 3)
1.923
>>> round(1.23456, 3)
1.2350000000000001
You will be better off when using a formatted string:
>>> "%.3f" % 1.923328437452
'1.923'
>>> "%.3f" % 1.23456
'1.235'
n = 1.923328437452
str(n)[:4]
At my Python 2.7 prompt:
>>> int(1.923328437452 * 1000)/1000.0
1.923
The truely pythonic way of doing it is
from decimal import *
with localcontext() as ctx:
ctx.rounding = ROUND_DOWN
print Decimal('1.923328437452').quantize(Decimal('0.001'))
or shorter:
from decimal import Decimal as D, ROUND_DOWN
D('1.923328437452').quantize(D('0.001'), rounding=ROUND_DOWN)
Update
Usually the problem is not in truncating floats itself, but in the improper usage of float numbers before rounding.
For example: int(0.7*3*100)/100 == 2.09.
If you are forced to use floats (say, you're accelerating your code with numba), it's better to use cents as "internal representation" of prices: (70*3 == 210) and multiply/divide the inputs/outputs.
Simple python script -
n = 1.923328437452
n = float(int(n * 1000))
n /=1000
def trunc(num, digits):
sp = str(num).split('.')
return '.'.join([sp[0], sp[1][:digits]])
This should work. It should give you the truncation you are looking for.
So many of the answers given for this question are just completely wrong. They either round up floats (rather than truncate) or do not work for all cases.
This is the top Google result when I search for 'Python truncate float', a concept which is really straightforward, and which deserves better answers. I agree with Hatchkins that using the decimal module is the pythonic way of doing this, so I give here a function which I think answers the question correctly, and which works as expected for all cases.
As a side-note, fractional values, in general, cannot be represented exactly by binary floating point variables (see here for a discussion of this), which is why my function returns a string.
from decimal import Decimal, localcontext, ROUND_DOWN
def truncate(number, places):
if not isinstance(places, int):
raise ValueError("Decimal places must be an integer.")
if places < 1:
raise ValueError("Decimal places must be at least 1.")
# If you want to truncate to 0 decimal places, just do int(number).
with localcontext() as context:
context.rounding = ROUND_DOWN
exponent = Decimal(str(10 ** - places))
return Decimal(str(number)).quantize(exponent).to_eng_string()
>>> from math import floor
>>> floor((1.23658945) * 10**4) / 10**4
1.2365
# divide and multiply by 10**number of desired digits
If you fancy some mathemagic, this works for +ve numbers:
>>> v = 1.923328437452
>>> v - v % 1e-3
1.923
I did something like this:
from math import trunc
def truncate(number, decimals=0):
if decimals < 0:
raise ValueError('truncate received an invalid value of decimals ({})'.format(decimals))
elif decimals == 0:
return trunc(number)
else:
factor = float(10**decimals)
return trunc(number*factor)/factor
You can do:
def truncate(f, n):
return math.floor(f * 10 ** n) / 10 ** n
testing:
>>> f=1.923328437452
>>> [truncate(f, n) for n in range(5)]
[1.0, 1.9, 1.92, 1.923, 1.9233]
Just wanted to mention that the old "make round() with floor()" trick of
round(f) = floor(f+0.5)
can be turned around to make floor() from round()
floor(f) = round(f-0.5)
Although both these rules break around negative numbers, so using it is less than ideal:
def trunc(f, n):
if f > 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, (f - 0.5*10**-n))
elif f == 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, f)
elif f < 0:
return "%.*f" % (n, (f + 0.5*10**-n))
def precision(value, precision):
"""
param: value: takes a float
param: precision: int, number of decimal places
returns a float
"""
x = 10.0**precision
num = int(value * x)/ x
return num
precision(1.923328437452, 3)
1.923
Short and easy variant
def truncate_float(value, digits_after_point=2):
pow_10 = 10 ** digits_after_point
return (float(int(value * pow_10))) / pow_10
>>> truncate_float(1.14333, 2)
>>> 1.14
>>> truncate_float(1.14777, 2)
>>> 1.14
>>> truncate_float(1.14777, 4)
>>> 1.1477
When using a pandas df this worked for me
import math
def truncate(number, digits) -> float:
stepper = 10.0 ** digits
return math.trunc(stepper * number) / stepper
df['trunc'] = df['float_val'].apply(lambda x: truncate(x,1))
df['trunc']=df['trunc'].map('{:.1f}'.format)
int(16.5);
this will give an integer value of 16, i.e. trunc, won't be able to specify decimals, but guess you can do that by
import math;
def trunc(invalue, digits):
return int(invalue*math.pow(10,digits))/math.pow(10,digits);
Here is an easy way:
def truncate(num, res=3):
return (floor(num*pow(10, res)+0.5))/pow(10, res)
for num = 1.923328437452, this outputs 1.923
def trunc(f,n):
return ('%.16f' % f)[:(n-16)]
A general and simple function to use:
def truncate_float(number, length):
"""Truncate float numbers, up to the number specified
in length that must be an integer"""
number = number * pow(10, length)
number = int(number)
number = float(number)
number /= pow(10, length)
return number
There is an easy workaround in python 3. Where to cut I defined with an help variable decPlace to make it easy to adapt.
f = 1.12345
decPlace= 4
f_cut = int(f * 10**decPlace) /10**decPlace
Output:
f = 1.1234
Hope it helps.
Most answers are way too complicated in my opinion, how about this?
digits = 2 # Specify how many digits you want
fnum = '122.485221'
truncated_float = float(fnum[:fnum.find('.') + digits + 1])
>>> 122.48
Simply scanning for the index of '.' and truncate as desired (no rounding).
Convert string to float as final step.
Or in your case if you get a float as input and want a string as output:
fnum = str(122.485221) # convert float to string first
truncated_float = fnum[:fnum.find('.') + digits + 1] # string output
I think a better version would be just to find the index of decimal point . and then to take the string slice accordingly:
def truncate(number, n_digits:int=1)->float:
'''
:param number: real number ℝ
:param n_digits: Maximum number of digits after the decimal point after truncation
:return: truncated floating point number with at least one digit after decimal point
'''
decimalIndex = str(number).find('.')
if decimalIndex == -1:
return float(number)
else:
return float(str(number)[:decimalIndex+n_digits+1])
int(1.923328437452 * 1000) / 1000
>>> 1.923
int(1.9239 * 1000) / 1000
>>> 1.923
By multiplying the number by 1000 (10 ^ 3 for 3 digits) we shift the decimal point 3 places to the right and get 1923.3284374520001. When we convert that to an int the fractional part 3284374520001 will be discarded. Then we undo the shifting of the decimal point again by dividing by 1000 which returns 1.923.
use numpy.round
import numpy as np
precision = 3
floats = [1.123123123, 2.321321321321]
new_float = np.round(floats, precision)
Something simple enough to fit in a list-comprehension, with no libraries or other external dependencies. For Python >=3.6, it's very simple to write with f-strings.
The idea is to let the string-conversion do the rounding to one more place than you need and then chop off the last digit.
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nout+1}f}'[:-1] for x in [2/3, 4/5, 8/9, 9/8, 5/4, 3/2]]
['0.666', '0.800', '0.888', '1.125', '1.250', '1.500']
Of course, there is rounding happening here (namely for the fourth digit), but rounding at some point is unvoidable. In case the transition between truncation and rounding is relevant, here's a slightly better example:
>>> nacc = 6 # desired accuracy (maximum 15!)
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nacc}f}'[:-(nacc-nout)] for x in [2.9999, 2.99999, 2.999999, 2.9999999]]
>>> ['2.999', '2.999', '2.999', '3.000']
Bonus: removing zeros on the right
>>> nout = 3 # desired number of digits in output
>>> [f'{x:.{nout+1}f}'[:-1].rstrip('0') for x in [2/3, 4/5, 8/9, 9/8, 5/4, 3/2]]
['0.666', '0.8', '0.888', '1.125', '1.25', '1.5']
The core idea given here seems to me to be the best approach for this problem.
Unfortunately, it has received less votes while the later answer that has more votes is not complete (as observed in the comments). Hopefully, the implementation below provides a short and complete solution for truncation.
def trunc(num, digits):
l = str(float(num)).split('.')
digits = min(len(l[1]), digits)
return l[0] + '.' + l[1][:digits]
which should take care of all corner cases found here and here.
Am also a python newbie and after making use of some bits and pieces here, I offer my two cents
print str(int(time.time()))+str(datetime.now().microsecond)[:3]
str(int(time.time())) will take the time epoch as int and convert it to string and join with...
str(datetime.now().microsecond)[:3] which returns the microseconds only, convert to string and truncate to first 3 chars
# value value to be truncated
# n number of values after decimal
value = 0.999782
n = 3
float(int(value*1en))*1e-n