I have a fairly large python 2.6 application with lots of print statements sprinkled about. I'm using unicode strings throughout, and it usually works great. However, if I redirect the output of the application (like "myapp.py >output.txt"), then I occasionally get errors such as this:
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xa1' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
I guess the same issue comes up if someone has set their LOCALE to ASCII. Now, I understand perfectly well the reason for this error. There are characters in my Unicode strings that are not possible to encode in ASCII. Fair enough. But I'd like my python program to make a best effort to try to print something understandable, maybe skipping the suspicious characters or replacing them with their Unicode ids.
This problem must be common... What is the best practice for handling this problem? I'd prefer a solution that allows me to keep using plain old "print", but I can modify all occurrences if necessary.
PS: I have now solved this problem. The solution was neither of the answers given. I used the method given at http://wiki.python.org/moin/PrintFails , as given by ChrisJ in one of the comments. That is, I replace sys.stdout with a wrapper that calls unicode encode with the correct arguments. Works very well.
If you're dumping to an ASCII terminal, encode manually using unicode.encode, and specify that errors should be ignored.
u = u'\xa0'
u.encode('ascii') # This fails
u.encode('ascii', 'ignore') # This replaces failed encoding attempts with empty string
If you want to store unicode files, try this:
u = u'\xa0'
print >>open('out', 'w'), u # This fails
print >>open('out', 'w'), u.encode('utf-8') # This is ok
I have now solved this problem. The solution was neither of the answers given. I used the method given at http://wiki.python.org/moin/PrintFails , as given by ChrisJ in one of the comments. That is, I replace sys.stdout with a wrapper that calls unicode encode with the correct arguments. Works very well.
Either wrap all your print statement through a method perform arbitrary unicode -> utf8 conversion or as last resort change the Python default encoding from ascii to utf-8 inside your site.py. In general it is a bad idea printing unicode strings unfiltered to sys.stdout since Python will trigger an implict conversion of unicode strings to the configured default encoding which is ascii.
Related
When printing out DB2 query results I'm getting the following error on column 'F00002' which is a binary array.
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xe3' in position 2: ordinal not in range(128)
I am using the following line:
print result[2].decode('cp037')
...just as I do the first two columns where the same code works fine. Why is this not working on the third column and what is the proper decoding/encoding?
Notice that the error is about encoding to ASCII, not about decoding from cp307. But you're not asking it to encode anywhere, so why is this happening?
Well, there are actually two possible places this could go wrong, and we can't know which of them it is without some help from you.
First, if your result[2] is already a unicode object, calling decode('cp037') on it will first try to encode it with sys.getdefaultencoding(), which is usually 'ascii', so that it has something to decode. So, instead of getting an error saying "Hey, bozo, I'm already decoded", you get an error about encoding to ASCII failing. (This may seem very silly, but it's useful for a handful of codecs that can decode unicode->unicode or unicode->str, like ROT13 and quoted-printable.)
If this is your problem, the solution is to not call decode. You've presumably already decoded the data somewhere along the way to this point, so don't try to do it again. (If you've decoded it wrong, you need to figure out where you decoded it and fix that to do it right; re-decoding it after it's already wrong won't help.)
Second, passing a Unicode string to print will automatically try to encode it with (depending on your Python version) either sys.getdefaultencoding() or sys.stdout.encoding. If Python has failed to guess the right encoding for your console (pretty common on Windows), or if you're redirecting your script's stdout to a file instead of printing to the console (which means Python can't possibly guess the right encoding), you can end up with 'ascii' even in sys.stdout.encoding.
If this is your problem, you have to explicitly specify the right encoding for your console (if you're lucky, it's in sys.stdout.encoding), or the encoding you want for the text file you're redirecting to (probably 'utf-8', but that's up to you), and explicitly encode everything you print.
So, how do you know which one of these it is?
Simple. print type(result[2]) and see whether it's a unicode or a str. Or break it up into two pieces: x = result[2].decode('cp037') and then print x, and see which of the two raises. Or run in a debugger. You have all kinds of options for debugging this, but you have to do something.
Of course it's also possible that, once you fix the first one, you'll immediately run into the second one. But now you know how to deal with that to.
Also, note that cp037 is EBCDIC, one of the few encodings that Python knows about that isn't ASCII-compatible. In fact, '\xe3' is EBCDIC for the letter T.
It seems that your result[2] is already unicode:
>>> u'\xe3'.decode('cp037')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xe3' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
>>> u'\xe3'.encode('cp037')
'F'
In fact, as pointed out #abarnert in comments, in python 2.x decode being called for unicode object is performed in two steps:
encoding to string with sys.getdefaultencoding(),
then decoding back to unicode
i.e., you statement is translated as:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.getdefaultencoding()
'ascii'
>>> u'\xe3'.encode('ascii').decode('cp037')
and the error you get is from the first part of expression, u'\xe3'.encode('ascii')
All right, so as #abarnert established, you don't really have a Unicode problem, per se. The Unicode only enters the picture when trying to print. After looking at your data, I can see that there is actually not just EBCDIC character data in there, but arbitrary binary data as well. The data definitely seems columnar, so what we probably have here is a bunch of subfields all packed into the field called F00002 in your example. RPG programmers would refer to this as a data structure; it's akin to a C struct.
The F00001 and K00001 columns probably worked fine because they happen to contain only EBCDIC character data.
So if you want to extract the complete data from F00002, you'll have to find out (via documentation or some person who has the knowledge) what the subfields are. Normally, once you've found that out, you could just use Python's struct module to quickly and simply unpack the data, but since the data comes from an IBM i, you may be faced with converting its native data types into Python's types. (The most common of these would be packed decimal for numeric data.)
For now, you can still extract the character portions of F00002 by decoding as before, but then explicitly choosing a new encoding that works with your output (display or file), as #abarnert suggested. My recommendation is to write the values to a file, using result[2].decode('cp037').encode('utf-8') (which will produce a bunch of clearly not human-readable data interspersed with the text; you may be able to use that as-is, or you could use it to at least tell you where the text portions are for further processing).
Edit:
We don't have time to do all your work and research for you. Things you need to just read up on and work out for yourself:
IBM's packed decimal format (crash course: each digit takes up 4 bits using basic hexadecimal; with an additional 4 bits on the right for the sign, which is 'F' for positive and 'D' for negative; the whole thing zero-padded on the left if needed to fill out a whole number of bytes; decimal place is implied)
IBM's zoned decimal format (crash course: each digit is 1 byte and is identical to the EBCDIC representation of the corresponding character; except that on the rightmost digit, the upper 4 bits are used for the sign, 'F' for positive and 'D' for negative; decimal place is implied)
Python's struct module (doesn't automatically handle the above types; you have to use raw bytes for everything (type 's') and handle as needed)
Possibly pick up some ideas (and code) for handling IBM packed and zoned decimals from the add-on api2 module for iSeriesPython 2.7 (in particular, check out the iSeriesStruct class, which is a subclass of struct.Struct, keeping in mind that the whole module is designed to be running on the iSeries, using iSeriesPython, and thus is not necessarily usable as-is from regular Python communicating with the iSeries via pyodbc).
This question already has answers here:
How to determine the encoding of text
(16 answers)
Closed 5 years ago.
I'm trying to get rid of diacritics in my textfile. I converted a pdf to text with a tool, not made by myself. I wasn't able to understand which encoding they use. The text is written in Nahuatl, orthographically familiar with Spanish.
I transformed the text into a list of strings. No I'm trying to do the following:
# check whether there is a not-ascii character in the item
def is_ascii(word):
check = string.ascii_letters + "."
if word not in check:
return False
return True
# if there is a not ascii-character encode the string
def to_ascii(word):
if is_ascii(word) == False:
newWord = word.encode("utf8")
return newWord
return word
What I want to get is a unicode-version of my string. It doesn't work so far and I tried several encodings like latin1, cp1252, iso-8859-1. What I get is Can anybody tell me what I did wrong?
How can I find out the right encoding?
Thank you!
EDIT:
I wrote to the people that developed the converter (pdf-txt) and they said they were using unicode already. So John Machin was right with (1) in his answer.
As I wrote in some comment that wasn't clear to me, because in the Eclipse debugger the list itself showed some signs in unicodes, others not. And if I looked at the items seperately they were all decoded in some way, so that I actually saw unicode.
Thank you for your help!
Edit your question to show the version of Python you are using. Guessing the version from your code is not possible. Whether you are using Python 3.X or 2.X matters a lot. Following remarks assume Python 2.x.
You already seem to have determined that you have UTF-8 encoded text. Try the_text.decode('utf8'). Note decode, NOT encode.
If decoding with UTF-8 does not raise UnicodeDecodeError and your text is not trivially short, then it is very close to certain that UTF-8 is the correct encoding.
If the above does not work, show us the result of print repr(the_text).
Note that it is counter-productive trying to check whether the file is encoded in ASCII -- ASCII is a subset of UTF-8. Leaving some data as str objects and other as unicode is messy in Python 2.x and won't work in Python 3.X
In any case, your first function doesn't do what you think it does; it returns False for any input string whose length is 2 or more. Please consider unit-testing functions as you write them; it makes debugging much faster later on.
Note that latin1 and iso-8859-1 are the same encoding. As latin1 encodes the first 256 codepoints in Unicode in the same order, then it is impossible to get UnicodeDecodeError raised by text.decode('latin1'). "No error" is this case has exactly zero diagnostic value.
Update in response to this comment from OP:
I use Python 2.7. If I use text.decode("utf8") it raises the following
error: UnicodeEncodeError: 'latin-1' codec can't encode character
u'\u2014' in position 0: ordinal not in range(256).
That can happen two ways:
(1) In a single statement like foo = text.decode('utf8'), text is already a unicode object so Python 2.X tries to encode it using the default encoding (latin-1 ???).
(2) Possibly in two different statements, first foo = text.decode('utf8') where text is an str object encoded in UTF-8, and this statement doesn't raise an error, followed by something like print foo and your sys.stdout.encoding is latin-1 (???).
I can't imagine why you have "ticked" my answer as correct. Nobody knows what the question is yet!
Please edit your question to show your code (insert print repr(text) just before the text.decode("utf8") line), and the result of running it. Show the repr() result and the full traceback (so that we can determine which line is causing the error).
I ask again: can you make your file available for analysis?
By the way, u'\u2014' is an "EM DASH" and is a valid character in cp1252 (but not in latin-1, as you have seen from the error message). What version of what operating system are you using?
And to answer your last question, NO, you must NOT attempt to decode your text using every codec in the known universe. You are ALREADY getting plausible Unicode; something (your code?) is decoding something somehow -- the presence of u'\u2014' is enough evidence of that. Just show us your code and its results.
If you have read some bytes and want to interpret them as an unicode string, then you have to use .decode() rather than encode().
Like #delnan said in the comment, I hope you know the encoding. If not, the guesswork should go easy once you fix the function used.
BTW even if there are only ASCII characters in that word, why not .decode() it too? You'd have the same data type (unicode) everywhere, which will make your program simpler.
I have searched and found some related problems but the way they deal with Unicode is different, so I can't apply the solutions to my problem.
I won't paste my whole code but I'm sure this isolated example code replicates the error:
(I'm also using wx for GUI so this is like inside a class)
#coding: utf-8
...
something = u'ЧЕТЫРЕ'
//show the Russian text in a Label on the GUI
self.ExampleLabel.SetValue(str(self.something))
On Eclipse everything works perfectly and it displays the Russian characters. However when I try to open up Python straight through the file I get this error on the CL:
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-11:
ordinal not in range(128)
I figured this has something to do with the CL not being able to ouput the Unicode chars and Eclipse doing behind-the-scene magic. Any help on how to make it so that it works on its own?
When you call str() on something without specifying an encoding, the default encoding is used, which depends on the environment your program is running in. In Eclipse, that's different from the command line.
Don't rely on the default encoding, instead specify it explicitly:
self.ExampleLabel.SetValue(self.something.encode('utf-8'))
You may want to study the Python Unicode HOWTO to understand what encoding and str() do with unicode objects. The wxPython project has a page on Unicode usage as well.
Try self.something.encode('utf-8') instead.
If you use repr instead of str it should handle the conversion for you and also cover the case that the object is not always of type string, but you may find that it gives you an extra set of quotes or even the unicode u in your context. repr is safer than str - str assumes ascii encoding, but repr is going to show your codepoints in the same way that you would see them in code, since wrapping with eval is supposed to convert it back to what it was - the repr has to be in a form that the python code would be in, namely ascii safe since most python code is written in ascii.
Quite a silly question, I know. Of course normally LANG=C indicates an ASCII terminal
which cannot display Unicode characters. But I nevertheless want to print out the UTF-8 bytes. I use Python 2 (2.6.5 actually)
print '\xc3\xa4', u'\xe4'
This prints 'ä ä' on a Unicode terminal, but the second string causes an error when executed with LANG=C. I don't want Python to be smart but simply convert u'\xe4' to UTF-8 so it's just '\xc3\xa4' in memory.
I tried all combinations of decode(), encode() and unicode() that I can imagine but it seems I missed the right combination.
What I actually want is reading Unicode charaters through vi's system() function, like
:echo system('python foo.py')
To encode a unicode to utf-8, call .encode('utf-8') on it.:
>>> u'\xe4'.encode('utf-8')
'\xc3\xa4'
I have been studying unicode and its Python implementation now for two days, and I think I'm getting a glimpse of what it is about. Just to get confident, I'm asking if my assumptions for my current problems are correct.
In Django, forms give me unicode strings which I suspect to be "broken". Unicode strings in Python should be encoded in UTF-8, is that right? After entering the string "fähre" into a text field, the browser sends the string "f%c3%a4hre" in the POST request (checked via wireshark). When I retrieve the value via form.cleaned_data, I'm getting the string u'f\xa4hre' (note it is a unicode string), though. As far as I understand that, that is ISO-8859-1-encoded unicode string, which is incorrect. The correct string should be u'f\xc3\xa4hre', which would be a UTF-8-encoded unicode string. Is that a Django bug or is there something wrong with my understanding of it?
To fix the issue, I wrote a function to apply it to any text input from Django forms:
def fix_broken_unicode(s):
return unicode(s.encode(u'utf-8'), u'iso-8859-1')
which does
>>> fix_broken_unicode(u'f\xa4hre')
u'f\xc3\xa4hre'
That doesn't seem very elegant to me, but setting Django's settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET to 'utf-8' didn't help, nor did anything else. I am trying to work with unicode throughout the whole application so I won't get any weird errors later on, but it obviously does not suffice to mark all strings with u'...'.
Edit: Considering the answers from Dirk and sth, I will now save the strings to the database as they are. The real problem was that I was trying to urlencode these kinds of strings to use them as input for the Twitter API etc. In GET or POST requests, though, UTF-8 encoding is obviously expected which the standard urllib.urlencode() function does not process correctly (throws exceptions). Take a look at my solution in the pastebin and feel free to comment on it also.
u'f\xa4hre'is a unicode string, not encoded as anything. The unicode codepoint 0xa4 is the character ä. It is not really important that ä would also be encoded as byte 0xa4 in ISO-8859-1.
The unicode string can contain any unicode characters without encoding them in some way. For example 轮渡 would be represented as u'\u8f6e\u6e21', which are simply two unicode codepoints. The UTF-8 encoding would be the much longer '\xe8\xbd\xae\xe6\xb8\xa1'.
So there is no need to fix the encoding, you are just seeing the internal representation of the unicode string.
Not exactly: after having been decoded, the unicode string is unicode which means, it may contain characters with codes beyond 255. How the interpreter represents these depends on the platform, but usually nowadays it uses character elements with a width of at least 16 bits. ISO-8859-1 is a proper subset of unicode. Thus, the string u'f\xa4hre' is actually proper -- the \xa4 is a rendering artifact, since Python doesn't know if (and when) it is safe to include characters with codes beyond a certain range on the console.
UTF-8 is a transport encoding that is, a special way to write unicode data such, that it can be stored in "channels" with an element width of 8 bits per character/byte. In order to compute the proper "external" (or transport) encoding of a unicode string, you'd use the encode method, passing the desired representation. It returns a properly encoded byte string (as opposed to a unicode character string).
The reverse transformation is decode which takes a byte string and an encoding name and yields a unicode character string.