In src/webprofiles/__init__.py I have
def match(string)
Now how can I make a call to this match from `src/python.py, which contains
from webprofiles import *
for x in text
a= webprofiles.match(x)
Its giving me an error
NameError: global name 'webprofiles' is not defined
When you use from import form, you must call function without module prefix.
just call the functions and attributes via their names.
from webprofiles import *
for x in text:
a= match(x)
but i suggest to DO NOT use wildcard('*') imports.
use this instead:
from webprofiles import match
for x in text:
a= match(x)
The syntax from x impoort * means that everything will be imported, in effect, into the global namespace. What you want is either import webprofiles followed by webprofiles.match or from webprofiles import * followed by a call to plain match
Just import webprofiles, not *:
import webprofiles
for x in text
a = webprofiles.match(x)
What you have there seems to me 2 files and you want to run a file which imports the methods contained in an other file:
import /webprofiles/init
init.match(x)
after modifiying your question:
import /webprofiles/__init__
__init__.match(x)
btw when you import something:
import my_file #(file.py)
my_file.quick_sort(x)
^^^^^^ you have to call myfile as you call normally an object
from my_file import *
#that is read as from my_file import everything
#so now you can use the method quick_sort() without calling my_file
quick_sort(x)
Related
I am trying to modify a better_profanity library to include an additional argument to get_replacement_for_swear_word function. To do so I first import the necessary parts of the library and test its functionality before:
from better_profanity import profanity, Profanity
text = "Nice c0ck"
censored = profanity.censor(text)
print(censored)
Now I get the source code of the class method, modify it and execute it to __main___:
from inspect import getsource
new_hide_swear_words = getsource(profanity._hide_swear_words).replace(
'get_replacement_for_swear_word(censor_char)', 'get_replacement_for_swear_word(censor_char, cur_word)').replace(
'ALLOWED_CHARACTERS', 'self.ALLOWED_CHARACTERS'
)
# fixing the indent
new_hide_swear_words = '\n'.join(i[4:] for i in new_hide_swear_words.split('\n'))
exec(new_hide_swear_words)
Now I replace this function inside the class:
profanity._hide_swear_words = _hide_swear_words.__get__(profanity, Profanity)
Note that I swap ALLOWED_CHARACTERS for self.ALLOWED_CHARACTERS. This is because the author of the library has imported ALLOWED_CHARACTERS in the same file where the class is defined, so when I swap the function and try to run the first piece of code again, it sais that this variable is not defined. It just so happens that it is stored in self as well, but there is no such luck with several other imported modules. Any ideas how to tackle this?
Here is the class definition on github.
When you run exec(new_hide_swear_words), you define the function _hide_swear_words in your current module (that's why you can access it later with just _hide_swear_words).
That however means, that the function lives fully in your module, so when you call it indirectly with profanity.censor(some_text) it will run the function inside this module and look for all dependent global symbols in your module.
That's why it can't access the variable ALLOWED_CHARACTERS or the function any_next_words_form_swear_words. They are defined in the profanity module, but not in your module where you run the exec.
One way to solve this, would be to just import all symbols into your module.
from inspect import getsource
from better_profanity import Profanity, profanity
from better_profanity.constants import ALLOWED_CHARACTERS
from better_profanity.utils import *
new_hide_swear_words = getsource(profanity._hide_swear_words)
new_hide_swear_words = "\n".join(i[4:] for i in new_hide_swear_words.split("\n"))
exec(new_hide_swear_words)
profanity._hide_swear_words = _hide_swear_words.__get__(profanity, Profanity)
text = "Nice c0ck"
censored = profanity.censor(text)
print(censored)
Another way would be to execute the function in the profanity module itself (then all the symbols are already defined).
However that also has a little overhead. E.g. you have to import the module and pass it to the exec function, and afterwards you need to extract the function from the module (as it will be defined in that module).
from importlib import import_module
from inspect import getsource
from better_profanity import Profanity, profanity
new_hide_swear_words = getsource(profanity._hide_swear_words)
# fixing the indent
new_hide_swear_words = "\n".join(i[4:] for i in new_hide_swear_words.split("\n"))
profanity_module = import_module(Profanity.__module__)
exec(new_hide_swear_words, vars(profanity_module))
profanity._hide_swear_words = profanity_module._hide_swear_words.__get__(
profanity, Profanity
)
text = "Nice c0ck"
censored = profanity.censor(text)
print(censored)
profanity_module = import_module(Profanity.__module__) is the same thing as import better_profanity.better_profanity as profanity_module.
I have about a dozen python module imports that are going to be reused on many different scrapers, and I would love to just throw them into a single file (scraper_functions.py) that also contains a bunch of functions, like this:
import smtplib
import requests
import re
from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import time
def function_name(var1)
# function code here
then in my scraper I would simply do something like:
import scraper_functions
and be done with it. But listing the imports at the top of scraper_functions.py doesn't work, and neither does putting all the imports in a function. In each case I get errors in the scraper that is doing the importing.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "{actual-scraper-name-here}.py", line 24, in <module>
x = requests.get(main_url)
NameError: name 'requests' is not defined
In addition, in VSCode, under Problems, I get errors like
Undefined variable 'requests' pylint(undefined-variable) [24,5]
None of the modules are recognized. I have made sure that all files are in the same directory.
Is such a thing possible please?
You need to either use the scraper_functions prefix (same way you do this import name) or use the from keyword to import your things from scraper_functions with the * selector.
Using the form keyword (Recommended)
from scraper_functions import * # import everything with *
...
x = requests.get(main_url)
Using the scraper_functions prefix (Not recommended)
import scraper_functions
...
x = scraper_functions.requests.get(main_url)
I have three files under the same directory, namely, main.py, Newtester.py, and fileUtility.py. In Newtester.py there is a class named Function. In main.py, there are the following codes:
from file.py import *
...
def main():
...
funcs = parseFuncSpec(funcInputFile)
parseFuncSpec is defined in fileUtilities.py as:
some code to import Newtester.py
def parseFuncSpec(fName):
curFunc = function(funcName, numTest, [], score)
Regardless of what I put in import Newtester.py, I always get an error saying "Function" (the class defined in the file "Newtester.py") is not defined. Following Python: How to import other Python files, I have attempted
import Newtester
__import__("Newtester")
exec("Newtester.py")
exec("Newtester")
import importlib
importlib.__import__("Newtester")
os.system("Newtester.py")
But none of them seemed to work. Any advice is appreciated. See https://github.com/r2dong/unitTesting if you are interested in seeing the complete files.
It's because you are not using it correctly
well when you use import statement like below only Newstester file is imported
import Newtester
hence instead of using parseFuncSpec() directly you have to use it as Newtester.parseFuncSpec()
or to use parseFuncSpec() directly you need to use below import statement:
from Newtester import parseFuncSpec
I'm trying to use a function called start to set up my enviroment in python. The function imports os.
After I run the function and do the following
os.listdir(simdir+"main")
I get a error that says os not defined
code
>>> def setup ():
import os.path
import shutil
simdir="e:\\"
maindir="c:\\backup\\bitcois\\test exit\\"
>>> setup()
>>> os.listdir(simdir+"main")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
os.listdir(simdir+"main")
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
The import statement is scoped. When importing modules they are defined for the local namespace.
From the documentation:
Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and initialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local namespace (of the scope where the import statement occurs). [...]
So in your case the os package is only defined within function setup.
You are getting this error because you are NOT importing the whole os library but just the os.path module. In this way, the other resources at the os library are not made available for your use.
In order to be able to use the os.listdir method, you need to either import it alongside the os.path like this:
>>> def setup ():
import os.path, os.listdir
import shutil
simdir="e:\\"
maindir="c:\\backup\\bitcois\\test exit\\"
or import the full library:
>>> def setup ():
import os
import shutil
simdir="e:\\"
maindir="c:\\backup\\bitcois\\test exit\\"
You can read more here:
https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/modules.html
try:
import os.path
import shutil
import glob
def setup ():
global simdir
simdir="e:\\"
maindir="c:\\backup\\bitcois\\test exit\\"
setup()
os.listdir(simdir+"main")
You need to return the paths and assign the returned values in the global scope. Also, import os too:
import os
def setup():
# retain existing code
return simdir, maindir
simdir, maindir = setup()
When you import os or do any sort of command within a function, the command's effect only last while that function itself is running. What you need to do is
import os
...Do your function and other code
This way, your import lasts for the whole program :).
I'm using EasyGui to allow a user to select multiple options. Each option is a function which they can run if they select it. I'm trying to use dictionaries as suggested in other threads but I'm having trouble implementing it (Module object is not callable error). Is there something I'm missing?
from easygui import *
import emdtest1
import emdtest2
import emdtest3
EMDTestsDict = {"emdtest1":emdtest1,
"emdtest2":emdtest2,
"emdtest3":emdtest3}
def main():
test_list = UserSelect()
for i in range(len(test_list)):
if test_list[i] in EMDTestsDict.keys():
EMDTestsDict[test_list[i]]()
def UserSelect():
message = "Which EMD tests would you like to run?"
title = "EMD Test Selector"
tests = ["emdtest1",
"emdtest2",
"emdtest3"]
selected_master = multchoicebox(message, title, tests)
return selected_master
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
You're putting modules into the dict, when you want to put functions in it. What you're doing is the equivalent of saying
import os
os()
Which, of course, makes no sense. If emdtest1, emdtest2, and emdtest3 are .py files with functions in them, you want:
from emdtest1 import function_name
Where function_name is the name of your function.
You need to import the functions rather than the module ... for example , if you have a file called emdtest1 with a defined function emdtest1, you'd use:
from emdtest1 import emdtest1