I have a string variable:
str1 = '0000120000210000'
I want to convert the string into an integer without losing the first 4 zero characters. In other words, I want the integer variable to also store the first 4 zero digits as part of the integer.
I tried the int() function, but I'm not able to retain the first four digits.
You can use two integers, one to store the width of the number, and the other to store the number itself:
kw = len(s)
k = int(s)
To put the number back together in a string, use format:
print '{:0{width}}'.format(k, width=kw) # prints 0000120000210000
But, in general, you should not store identifiers (such as credit card numbers, student IDs, etc.) as integers, even if they appear to be. Numbers in these contexts should only be used if you need to do arithmetic, and you don't usually do arithmetic with identifiers.
What you want simply cannot be done.. Integer value does not store the leading zero's, because there can be any number of them. So, it can't be said how many to store.
But if you want to print it like that, that can be done by formatting output.
EDIT: -
Added #TimPietzcker's comment from OP to make complete answer: -
You should never store a number as an integer unless you're planning on doing arithmetic with it. In all other cases, they should be stored as strings
Related
Unfortunately the printing instruction of a code was written without an end-of-the-line character and one every 26 numbers consists of two numbers joined together. The following is a code that shows an example of such behaviour; at the end there is a fragment of the original database.
import numpy as np
for _ in range(2):
A=np.random.rand()+np.random.randint(0,100)
B=np.random.rand()+np.random.randint(0,100)
C=np.random.rand()+np.random.randint(0,100)
D=np.random.rand()+np.random.randint(0,100)
with open('file.txt','a') as f:
f.write(f'{A},{B},{C},{D}')
And thus the output example file looks very similar to what follows:
40.63358599010553,53.86722741700399,21.800795158561158,13.95828176311762557.217562728494684,2.626308403991772,4.840593988487278,32.401778122213486
With the issue being that there are two numbers 'printed together', in the example they were as follows:
13.95828176311762557.217562728494684
So you cannot know if they should be
13.958281763117625, 57.217562728494684
or
13.9582817631176255, 7.217562728494684
Please understand that in this case they are only two options, but the problem that I want to address considers 'unbounded numbers' which are type Python's "float" (where 'unbounded' means in a range we don't know e.g. in the range +- 1E4)
Can the original numbers be reconstructed based on "some" python internal behavior I'm missing?
Actual data with periodicity 27 (i.e. the 26th number consists of 2 joined together):
0.9221878978925224, 0.9331311610066017,0.8600582424784715,0.8754578588852764,0.8738648974725404, 0.8897837559800233,0.6773502027673041,0.736325377603136,0.7956454122424133, 0.8083168444596229,0.7089031184165164, 0.7475306242508357,0.9702361286847581, 0.9900689384633811,0.7453878225174624, 0.7749000030576826,0.7743879170108678, 0.8032590543649807,0.002434,0.003673,0.004194,0.327903,11.357262,13.782266,20.14374,31.828905,33.9260060.9215201173775437, 0.9349343132442707,0.8605282244327555,0.8741626682026793,0.8742163597524663, 0.8874673376386358,0.7109322043854609,0.7376362393985332,0.796158275345
To expand my comment into an actual answer:
We do have some information - An IEEE-754 standard float only has 32 bits of precision, some of which is taken up by the mantissa (not all numbers can be represented by a float). For datasets like yours, they're brushing up against the edge of that precision.
We can make that work for us - we just need to test whether the number can, in fact, be represented by a float, at each possible split point. We can abuse strings for this, by testing num_str == str(float(num_str)) (i.e. a string remains the same after being converted to a float and back to a string)
If your number is able to be represented exactly by the IEEE float standard, then the before and after will be equal
If the number cannot be represented exactly by the IEEE float standard, it will be coerced into the nearest number that the float can represent. Obviously, if we then convert this back to a string, will not be identical to the original.
Here's a snippet, for example, that you can play around with
def parse_number(s: str) -> List[float]:
if s.count('.') == 2:
first_decimal = s.index('.')
second_decimal = s[first_decimal + 1:].index('.') + first_decimal + 1
split_idx = second_decimal - 1
for i in range(second_decimal - 1, first_decimal + 1, -1):
a, b = s[:split_idx], s[split_idx:]
if str(float(a)) == a and str(float(b)) == b:
return [float(a), float(b)]
# default to returning as large an a as possible
return [float(s[:second_decimal - 1]), float(s[second_decimal - 1:])]
else:
return [float(s)]
parse_number('33.9260060.9215201173775437')
# [33.926006, 0.9215201173775437]
# this is the only possible combination that actually works for this particular input
Obviously this isn't foolproof, and for some numbers there may not be enough information to differentiate the first number from the second. Additionally, for this to work, the tool that generated your data needs to have worked with IEEE standards-compliant floats (which does appear to be the case in this example, but may not be if the results were generated using a class like Decimal (python) or BigDecimal (java) or something else).
Some inputs might also have multiple possibilities. In the above snippet I've biased it to take the longest possible [first number], but you could modify it to go in the opposite order and instead take the shortest possible [first number].
Yes, you have one available weapon: you're using the default precision to display the numbers. In the example you cite, there are 15 digits after the decimal point, making it easy to reconstruct the original numbers.
Let's take a simple case, where you have only 3 digits after the decimal point. It's trivial to separate
13.95857.217
The formatting requires a maximum of 2 digits before the decimal point, and three after.
Any case that has five digits between the points, is trivial to split.
13.958 57.217
However, you run into the "trailing zero" problem in some cases. If you see, instead
13.9557.217
This could be either
13.950 57.217
or
13.955 07.217
Your data do not contain enough information to differentiate the two cases.
Hi I would like to dynamically adjust the displayed decimal places of a string representation of a floating point number, but i couldn't find any information on how to do it.
E.g:
precision = 8
n = 7.12345678911
str_n = '{0:.{precision}}'.format(n)
print(str_n) should display -> 7.12345678
But instead i'm getting a "KeyError". What am i missing?
You need to specify where precision in your format string comes from:
precision = 8
n = 7.12345678911
print('{0:.{precision}}'.format(n, precision=precision))
The first time, you specified which argument you'd like to be the number using an index ({0}), so the formatting function knows where to get the argument from, but when you specify a placeholder by some key, you have to explicitly specify that key.
It's a little unusual to mix these two systems, i'd recommend staying with one:
print('{number:.{precision}}'.format(number=n, precision=precision)) # most readable
print('{0:.{1}}'.format(n, precision))
print('{:.{}}'.format(n, precision)) # automatic indexing, least obvious
It is notable that these precision values will include the numbers before the point, so
>>> f"{123.45:.3}"
'1.23e+02'
will give drop drop the decimals and only give the first three digits of the number.
Instead, the f can be supplied to the type of the format (See the documentation) to get fixed-point formatting with precision decimal digits.
print('{number:.{precision}f}'.format(number=n, precision=precision)) # most readable
print('{0:.{1}f}'.format(n, precision))
print('{:.{}f}'.format(n, precision)) # automatic indexing, least obvious
In addition to #Talon, for those interested in f-strings, this also works.
precision = 8
n = 7.12345678911
print(f'{n:.{precision}f}')
My function calculates numbers, which sometimes will be more than 100. If they are larger than 100 I want to remove the extra digits.
For example, lets say I have
percent=950
I want it to be reprinted as
percent=95
I do not want to convert to string, so I would rather not use slicing...
If you're willing to have a test to see if the number is > 100, you could do it like this:
>>> num = 95001
>>> int(str(num)[:2])
95
Though I'm unsure if you want to slice off the extra digits or store them as a decimal value. If you want to store them as a decimal value, go with mu's answer (making sure to cast at least one of the types to float if you're in Python 2 so you use float division).
I have a list of values which is iterated. When the nTH item from the list defines a variable within the iter-loop, it does not represent the original list-item precision; ergo - decimal places are lost.
Simply printing each item type in the list returns floats for all, as does the nTH item type - yet the list and nTH item represent two different values; one a couple decimal places short.
This must be avoided, as this value is checked in a >= / <= routine later on. With the missing decimal places, the only result is 4 week old foo-bar pie.
Perhaps some code and script screen-grab would help:
for J in range(lastRow,firstRow):
print 'rows', range(lastRow,firstRow)
theYintersect = horizontalGridLines[J]
print theYintersect
...
scanningVertices = False
print horizontalGridLines
Where 'theYintersect' is derived from the 'horizontalGridLines' list; respectively group highlighted in the image link below:
Script Editor Screen-Grab
Why would this occur, and can it be remedied without use of 'Decimal' module?
Thanks for any wisdom.
This apparent change in precision is because the repr representation of a float may contain more digits than the str representation of that same float. objects printed directly use str, and objects within a collection such as a list use repr. Ex:
>>> repr(1/3.0)
'0.3333333333333333'
>>> str(1/3.0)
'0.333333333333'
>>> print [1/3.0]
[0.3333333333333333]
>>> print 1/3.0
0.333333333333
... But rest assured, even though the representations vary, the actual stored value remains the same. Comparison with >= and <= should behave consistently regardless of how you're displaying the numbers.
After a bit of googling, nothing came up. I am manipulating sequence numbers for network packets and need the numbers to be of a fixed length. For example:
>>> 0000 + 1
1
Instead, I'd like the integer that is returned to be 0001. Are there any built-in commands for setting an integer of fixed length?
Edit: I do not need to print these integers, I need to actually manipulate them. I will need them to iterate but they must be fixed length so that they can be easily found in a networking protocol head file.
What you're asking doesn't make any sense. The integer 0011 and the integer 11 are exactly the same number.*
If you want to format them as strings to print them out or to search a text file, you can do that with, e.g., format(n, '04'). It doesn't matter whether you're formatting 11 or 0011, they're both the same number, and that number will format to the string '0011'.
If you want to convert them to big-endian 32-bit C-style unsigned integers, again, they're both the same number, and struct.pack('>I', n) will pack that number to the byte string b'\x00\x00\x00\x0b'.
If you want to add them modulo 10000, again, they're both the same number, and (n + 9990) % 10000 will give you 1.
No matter what operation you dream up, there will be no difference.
* Actually, in Python 2.x, number literals starting with 0 are treated as octal, not decimal, so 0011 is actually 9, not 11. And in 3.x numbers starting with 0 are a SyntaxError, to avoid the confusion caused by accidentally writing octal numbers. But forget all that. We're not talking about the Python number literals, we're talking about something even simpler here: the numbers themselves.
Numbers don't have a "length", they're just numbers. The representation of a number as text, in a string, has a length. To convert numbers to strings in Python, use the format() function:
x = 1
s = "{:04d}".format(x)
print(s)