Develop Reference

Zylabs 7.14 Lab: Reverse binary [duplicate]

Are there any canned Python methods to convert an Integer (or Long) into a binary string in Python?
There are a myriad of dec2bin() functions out on Google... But I was hoping I could use a built-in function / library.

Python's string format method can take a format spec.
>>> "{0:b}".format(37)
'100101'
Format spec docs for Python 2
Format spec docs for Python 3

If you're looking for bin() as an equivalent to hex(), it was added in python 2.6.
Example:
>>> bin(10)
'0b1010'

Python actually does have something already built in for this, the ability to do operations such as '{0:b}'.format(42), which will give you the bit pattern (in a string) for 42, or 101010.
For a more general philosophy, no language or library will give its user base everything that they desire. If you're working in an environment that doesn't provide exactly what you need, you should be collecting snippets of code as you develop to ensure you never have to write the same thing twice. Such as, for example, the pseudo-code:
define intToBinString, receiving intVal:
if intVal is equal to zero:
return "0"
set strVal to ""
while intVal is greater than zero:
if intVal is odd:
prefix "1" to strVal
else:
prefix "0" to strVal
divide intVal by two, rounding down
return strVal
which will construct your binary string based on the decimal value. Just keep in mind that's a generic bit of pseudo-code which may not be the most efficient way of doing it though, with the iterations you seem to be proposing, it won't make much difference. It's really just meant as a guideline on how it could be done.
The general idea is to use code from (in order of preference):
the language or built-in libraries.
third-party libraries with suitable licenses.
your own collection.
something new you need to write (and save in your own collection for later).

If you want a textual representation without the 0b-prefix, you could use this:
get_bin = lambda x: format(x, 'b')
print(get_bin(3))
>>> '11'
print(get_bin(-3))
>>> '-11'
When you want a n-bit representation:
get_bin = lambda x, n: format(x, 'b').zfill(n)
>>> get_bin(12, 32)
'00000000000000000000000000001100'
>>> get_bin(-12, 32)
'-00000000000000000000000000001100'
Alternatively, if you prefer having a function:
def get_bin(x, n=0):
"""
Get the binary representation of x.
Parameters
----------
x : int
n : int
Minimum number of digits. If x needs less digits in binary, the rest
is filled with zeros.
Returns
-------
str
"""
return format(x, 'b').zfill(n)

I am surprised there is no mention of a nice way to accomplish this using formatting strings that are supported in Python 3.6 and higher. TLDR:
>>> number = 1
>>> f'0b{number:08b}'
'0b00000001'
Longer story
This is functionality of formatting strings available from Python 3.6:
>>> x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
>>> f'{x} {y} {2*z}'
'1 2 6'
You can request binary as well:
>>> f'{z:b}'
'11'
Specify the width:
>>> f'{z:8b}'
' 11'
Request zero padding:
f'{z:08b}'
'00000011'
And add common prefix to signify binary number:
>>> f'0b{z:08b}'
'0b00000011'
You can also let Python add the prefix for you but I do not like it so much as the version above because you have to take the prefix into width consideration:
>>> f'{z:#010b}'
'0b00000011'
More info is available in official documentation on Formatted string literals and Format Specification Mini-Language.

As a reference:
def toBinary(n):
return ''.join(str(1 & int(n) >> i) for i in range(64)[::-1])
This function can convert a positive integer as large as 18446744073709551615, represented as string '1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'.
It can be modified to serve a much larger integer, though it may not be as handy as "{0:b}".format() or bin().

This is for python 3 and it keeps the leading zeros !
print(format(0, '08b'))

A simple way to do that is to use string format, see this page.
>> "{0:b}".format(10)
'1010'
And if you want to have a fixed length of the binary string, you can use this:
>> "{0:{fill}8b}".format(10, fill='0')
'00001010'
If two's complement is required, then the following line can be used:
'{0:{fill}{width}b}'.format((x + 2**n) % 2**n, fill='0', width=n)
where n is the width of the binary string.

one-liner with lambda:
>>> binary = lambda n: '' if n==0 else binary(n/2) + str(n%2)
test:
>>> binary(5)
'101'
EDIT:
but then :(
t1 = time()
for i in range(1000000):
binary(i)
t2 = time()
print(t2 - t1)
# 6.57236599922
in compare to
t1 = time()
for i in range(1000000):
'{0:b}'.format(i)
t2 = time()
print(t2 - t1)
# 0.68017411232

As the preceding answers mostly used format(),
here is an f-string implementation.
integer = 7
bit_count = 5
print(f'{integer:0{bit_count}b}')
Output:
00111
For convenience here is the python docs link for formatted string literals: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#f-strings.

Summary of alternatives:
n=42
assert "-101010" == format(-n, 'b')
assert "-101010" == "{0:b}".format(-n)
assert "-101010" == (lambda x: x >= 0 and str(bin(x))[2:] or "-" + str(bin(x))[3:])(-n)
assert "0b101010" == bin(n)
assert "101010" == bin(n)[2:] # But this won't work for negative numbers.
Contributors include John Fouhy, Tung Nguyen, mVChr, Martin Thoma. and Martijn Pieters.

>>> format(123, 'b')
'1111011'

For those of us who need to convert signed integers (range -2**(digits-1) to 2**(digits-1)-1) to 2's complement binary strings, this works:
def int2bin(integer, digits):
if integer >= 0:
return bin(integer)[2:].zfill(digits)
else:
return bin(2**digits + integer)[2:]
This produces:
>>> int2bin(10, 8)
'00001010'
>>> int2bin(-10, 8)
'11110110'
>>> int2bin(-128, 8)
'10000000'
>>> int2bin(127, 8)
'01111111'

you can do like that :
bin(10)[2:]
or :
f = str(bin(10))
c = []
c.append("".join(map(int, f[2:])))
print c

Using numpy pack/unpackbits, they are your best friends.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[2], [7], [23]], dtype=np.uint8)
>>> a
array([[ 2],
[ 7],
[23]], dtype=uint8)
>>> b = np.unpackbits(a, axis=1)
>>> b
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1]], dtype=uint8)

Yet another solution with another algorithm, by using bitwise operators.
def int2bin(val):
res=''
while val>0:
res += str(val&1)
val=val>>1 # val=val/2
return res[::-1] # reverse the string
A faster version without reversing the string.
def int2bin(val):
res=''
while val>0:
res = chr((val&1) + 0x30) + res
val=val>>1
return res

numpy.binary_repr(num, width=None)
Examples from the documentation link above:
>>> np.binary_repr(3)
'11'
>>> np.binary_repr(-3)
'-11'
>>> np.binary_repr(3, width=4)
'0011'
The two’s complement is returned when the input number is negative and width is specified:
>>> np.binary_repr(-3, width=3)
'101'
>>> np.binary_repr(-3, width=5)
'11101'

The accepted answer didn't address negative numbers, which I'll cover.
In addition to the answers above, you can also just use the bin and hex functions. And in the opposite direction, use binary notation:
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> 0b100101
37
But with negative numbers, things get a bit more complicated. The question doesn't specify how you want to handle negative numbers.
Python just adds a negative sign so the result for -37 would be this:
>>> bin(-37)
'-0b100101'
In computer/hardware binary data, negative signs don't exist. All we have is 1's and 0's. So if you're reading or producing binary streams of data to be processed by other software/hardware, you need to first know the notation being used.
One notation is sign-magnitude notation, where the first bit represents the negative sign, and the rest is the actual value. In that case, -37 would be 0b1100101 and 37 would be 0b0100101. This looks like what python produces, but just add a 0 or 1 in front for positive / negative numbers.
More common is Two's complement notation, which seems more complicated and the result is very different from python's string formatting. You can read the details in the link, but with an 8bit signed integer -37 would be 0b11011011 and 37 would be 0b00100101.
Python has no easy way to produce these binary representations. You can use numpy to turn Two's complement binary values into python integers:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.int8(0b11011011)
-37
>>> np.uint8(0b11011011)
219
>>> np.uint8(0b00100101)
37
>>> np.int8(0b00100101)
37
But I don't know an easy way to do the opposite with builtin functions. The bitstring package can help though.
>>> from bitstring import BitArray
>>> arr = BitArray(int=-37, length=8)
>>> arr.uint
219
>>> arr.int
-37
>>> arr.bin
'11011011'
>>> BitArray(bin='11011011').int
-37
>>> BitArray(bin='11011011').uint
219

Python 3.6 added a new string formatting approach called formatted string literals or “f-strings”.
Example:
name = 'Bob'
number = 42
f"Hello, {name}, your number is {number:>08b}"
Output will be 'Hello, Bob, your number is 00001010!'
A discussion of this question can be found here - Here

Unless I'm misunderstanding what you mean by binary string I think the module you are looking for is struct

n=input()
print(bin(n).replace("0b", ""))

def binary(decimal) :
otherBase = ""
while decimal != 0 :
otherBase = str(decimal % 2) + otherBase
decimal //= 2
return otherBase
print binary(10)
output:
1010

Here is the code I've just implemented. This is not a method but you can use it as a ready-to-use function!
def inttobinary(number):
if number == 0:
return str(0)
result =""
while (number != 0):
remainder = number%2
number = number/2
result += str(remainder)
return result[::-1] # to invert the string

Calculator with all neccessary functions for DEC,BIN,HEX:
(made and tested with Python 3.5)
You can change the input test numbers and get the converted ones.
# CONVERTER: DEC / BIN / HEX
def dec2bin(d):
# dec -> bin
b = bin(d)
return b
def dec2hex(d):
# dec -> hex
h = hex(d)
return h
def bin2dec(b):
# bin -> dec
bin_numb="{0:b}".format(b)
d = eval(bin_numb)
return d,bin_numb
def bin2hex(b):
# bin -> hex
h = hex(b)
return h
def hex2dec(h):
# hex -> dec
d = int(h)
return d
def hex2bin(h):
# hex -> bin
b = bin(h)
return b
## TESTING NUMBERS
numb_dec = 99
numb_bin = 0b0111
numb_hex = 0xFF
## CALCULATIONS
res_dec2bin = dec2bin(numb_dec)
res_dec2hex = dec2hex(numb_dec)
res_bin2dec,bin_numb = bin2dec(numb_bin)
res_bin2hex = bin2hex(numb_bin)
res_hex2dec = hex2dec(numb_hex)
res_hex2bin = hex2bin(numb_hex)
## PRINTING
print('------- DECIMAL to BIN / HEX -------\n')
print('decimal:',numb_dec,'\nbin: ',res_dec2bin,'\nhex: ',res_dec2hex,'\n')
print('------- BINARY to DEC / HEX -------\n')
print('binary: ',bin_numb,'\ndec: ',numb_bin,'\nhex: ',res_bin2hex,'\n')
print('----- HEXADECIMAL to BIN / HEX -----\n')
print('hexadec:',hex(numb_hex),'\nbin: ',res_hex2bin,'\ndec: ',res_hex2dec,'\n')

Somewhat similar solution
def to_bin(dec):
flag = True
bin_str = ''
while flag:
remainder = dec % 2
quotient = dec / 2
if quotient == 0:
flag = False
bin_str += str(remainder)
dec = quotient
bin_str = bin_str[::-1] # reverse the string
return bin_str

here is simple solution using the divmod() fucntion which returns the reminder and the result of a division without the fraction.
def dectobin(number):
bin = ''
while (number >= 1):
number, rem = divmod(number, 2)
bin = bin + str(rem)
return bin

Here's yet another way using regular math, no loops, only recursion. (Trivial case 0 returns nothing).
def toBin(num):
if num == 0:
return ""
return toBin(num//2) + str(num%2)
print ([(toBin(i)) for i in range(10)])
['', '1', '10', '11', '100', '101', '110', '111', '1000', '1001']

To calculate binary of numbers:
print("Binary is {0:>08b}".format(16))
To calculate the Hexa decimal of a number:
print("Hexa Decimal is {0:>0x}".format(15))
To Calculate all the binary no till 16::
for i in range(17):
print("{0:>2}: binary is {0:>08b}".format(i))
To calculate Hexa decimal no till 17
for i in range(17):
print("{0:>2}: Hexa Decimal is {0:>0x}".format(i))
##as 2 digit is enogh for hexa decimal representation of a number

try:
while True:
p = ""
a = input()
while a != 0:
l = a % 2
b = a - l
a = b / 2
p = str(l) + p
print(p)
except:
print ("write 1 number")

I found a method using matrix operation to convert decimal to binary.
import numpy as np
E_mat = np.tile(E,[1,M])
M_order = pow(2,(M-1-np.array(range(M)))).T
bindata = np.remainder(np.floor(E_mat /M_order).astype(np.int),2)
Eis input decimal data,M is the binary orders. bindata is output binary data, which is in a format of 1 by M binary matrix.

How to see the binary value of float that's really stored in memory. Python [duplicate]

How to get the string as binary IEEE 754 representation of a 32 bit float?
Example
1.00 -> '00111111100000000000000000000000'

You can do that with the struct package:
import struct
def binary(num):
return ''.join('{:0>8b}'.format(c) for c in struct.pack('!f', num))
That packs it as a network byte-ordered float, and then converts each of the resulting bytes into an 8-bit binary representation and concatenates them out:
>>> binary(1)
'00111111100000000000000000000000'
Edit:
There was a request to expand the explanation. I'll expand this using intermediate variables to comment each step.
def binary(num):
# Struct can provide us with the float packed into bytes. The '!' ensures that
# it's in network byte order (big-endian) and the 'f' says that it should be
# packed as a float. Alternatively, for double-precision, you could use 'd'.
packed = struct.pack('!f', num)
print 'Packed: %s' % repr(packed)
# For each character in the returned string, we'll turn it into its corresponding
# integer code point
#
# [62, 163, 215, 10] = [ord(c) for c in '>\xa3\xd7\n']
integers = [ord(c) for c in packed]
print 'Integers: %s' % integers
# For each integer, we'll convert it to its binary representation.
binaries = [bin(i) for i in integers]
print 'Binaries: %s' % binaries
# Now strip off the '0b' from each of these
stripped_binaries = [s.replace('0b', '') for s in binaries]
print 'Stripped: %s' % stripped_binaries
# Pad each byte's binary representation's with 0's to make sure it has all 8 bits:
#
# ['00111110', '10100011', '11010111', '00001010']
padded = [s.rjust(8, '0') for s in stripped_binaries]
print 'Padded: %s' % padded
# At this point, we have each of the bytes for the network byte ordered float
# in an array as binary strings. Now we just concatenate them to get the total
# representation of the float:
return ''.join(padded)
And the result for a few examples:
>>> binary(1)
Packed: '?\x80\x00\x00'
Integers: [63, 128, 0, 0]
Binaries: ['0b111111', '0b10000000', '0b0', '0b0']
Stripped: ['111111', '10000000', '0', '0']
Padded: ['00111111', '10000000', '00000000', '00000000']
'00111111100000000000000000000000'
>>> binary(0.32)
Packed: '>\xa3\xd7\n'
Integers: [62, 163, 215, 10]
Binaries: ['0b111110', '0b10100011', '0b11010111', '0b1010']
Stripped: ['111110', '10100011', '11010111', '1010']
Padded: ['00111110', '10100011', '11010111', '00001010']
'00111110101000111101011100001010'

Here's an ugly one ...
>>> import struct
>>> bin(struct.unpack('!i',struct.pack('!f',1.0))[0])
'0b111111100000000000000000000000'
Basically, I just used the struct module to convert the float to an int ...
Here's a slightly better one using ctypes:
>>> import ctypes
>>> bin(ctypes.c_uint32.from_buffer(ctypes.c_float(1.0)).value)
'0b111111100000000000000000000000'
Basically, I construct a float and use the same memory location, but I tag it as a c_uint32. The c_uint32's value is a python integer which you can use the builtin bin function on.
Note: by switching types we can do reverse operation as well
>>> ctypes.c_float.from_buffer(ctypes.c_uint32(int('0b111111100000000000000000000000', 2))).value
1.0
also for double-precision 64-bit float we can use the same trick using ctypes.c_double & ctypes.c_uint64 instead.

Found another solution using the bitstring module.
import bitstring
f1 = bitstring.BitArray(float=1.0, length=32)
print(f1.bin)
Output:
00111111100000000000000000000000

For the sake of completeness, you can achieve this with numpy using:
f = 1.00
int32bits = np.asarray(f, dtype=np.float32).view(np.int32).item() # item() optional
You can then print this, with padding, using the b format specifier
print('{:032b}'.format(int32bits))

With these two simple functions (Python >=3.6) you can easily convert a float number to binary and vice versa, for IEEE 754 binary64.
import struct
def bin2float(b):
''' Convert binary string to a float.
Attributes:
:b: Binary string to transform.
'''
h = int(b, 2).to_bytes(8, byteorder="big")
return struct.unpack('>d', h)[0]
def float2bin(f):
''' Convert float to 64-bit binary string.
Attributes:
:f: Float number to transform.
'''
[d] = struct.unpack(">Q", struct.pack(">d", f))
return f'{d:064b}'
For example:
print(float2bin(1.618033988749894))
print(float2bin(3.14159265359))
print(float2bin(5.125))
print(float2bin(13.80))
print(bin2float('0011111111111001111000110111011110011011100101111111010010100100'))
print(bin2float('0100000000001001001000011111101101010100010001000010111011101010'))
print(bin2float('0100000000010100100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'))
print(bin2float('0100000000101011100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010'))
The output is:
0011111111111001111000110111011110011011100101111111010010100100
0100000000001001001000011111101101010100010001000010111011101010
0100000000010100100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0100000000101011100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010
1.618033988749894
3.14159265359
5.125
13.8
I hope you like it, it works perfectly for me.

This problem is more cleanly handled by breaking it into two parts.
The first is to convert the float into an int with the equivalent bit pattern:
import struct
def float32_bit_pattern(value):
return sum(ord(b) << 8*i for i,b in enumerate(struct.pack('f', value)))
Python 3 doesn't require ord to convert the bytes to integers, so you need to simplify the above a little bit:
def float32_bit_pattern(value):
return sum(b << 8*i for i,b in enumerate(struct.pack('f', value)))
Next convert the int to a string:
def int_to_binary(value, bits):
return bin(value).replace('0b', '').rjust(bits, '0')
Now combine them:
>>> int_to_binary(float32_bit_pattern(1.0), 32)
'00111111100000000000000000000000'

Piggy-tailing on Dan's answer with colored version for Python3:
import struct
BLUE = "\033[1;34m"
CYAN = "\033[1;36m"
GREEN = "\033[0;32m"
RESET = "\033[0;0m"
def binary(num):
return [bin(c).replace('0b', '').rjust(8, '0') for c in struct.pack('!f', num)]
def binary_str(num):
bits = ''.join(binary(num))
return ''.join([BLUE, bits[:1], GREEN, bits[1:10], CYAN, bits[10:], RESET])
def binary_str_fp16(num):
bits = ''.join(binary(num))
return ''.join([BLUE, bits[:1], GREEN, bits[1:10][-5:], CYAN, bits[10:][:11], RESET])
x = 0.7
print(x, "as fp32:", binary_str(0.7), "as fp16 is sort of:", binary_str_fp16(0.7))

After browsing through lots of similar questions I've written something which hopefully does what I wanted.
f = 1.00
negative = False
if f < 0:
f = f*-1
negative = True
s = struct.pack('>f', f)
p = struct.unpack('>l', s)[0]
hex_data = hex(p)
scale = 16
num_of_bits = 32
binrep = bin(int(hex_data, scale))[2:].zfill(num_of_bits)
if negative:
binrep = '1' + binrep[1:]
binrep is the result.
Each part will be explained.
f = 1.00
negative = False
if f < 0:
f = f*-1
negative = True
Converts the number to a positive if negative, and sets the variable negative to false. The reason for this is that the difference between positive and negative binary representations is just in the first bit, and this was the simpler way than to figure out what goes wrong when doing the whole process with negative numbers.
s = struct.pack('>f', f) #'?\x80\x00\x00'
p = struct.unpack('>l', s)[0] #1065353216
hex_data = hex(p) #'0x3f800000'
s is a hex representation of the binary f. it is however not in the pretty form i need. Thats where p comes in. It is the int representation of the hex s. And then another conversion to get a pretty hex.
scale = 16
num_of_bits = 32
binrep = bin(int(hex_data, scale))[2:].zfill(num_of_bits)
if negative:
binrep = '1' + binrep[1:]
scale is the base 16 for the hex. num_of_bits is 32, as float is 32 bits, it is used later to fill the additional places with 0 to get to 32. Got the code for binrep from this question. If the number was negative, just change the first bit.
I know this is ugly, but i didn't find a nice way and I needed it fast. Comments are welcome.

This is a little more than was asked, but it was what I needed when I found this entry. This code will give the mantissa, base and sign of the IEEE 754 32 bit float.
import ctypes
def binRep(num):
binNum = bin(ctypes.c_uint.from_buffer(ctypes.c_float(num)).value)[2:]
print("bits: " + binNum.rjust(32,"0"))
mantissa = "1" + binNum[-23:]
print("sig (bin): " + mantissa.rjust(24))
mantInt = int(mantissa,2)/2**23
print("sig (float): " + str(mantInt))
base = int(binNum[-31:-23],2)-127
print("base:" + str(base))
sign = 1-2*("1"==binNum[-32:-31].rjust(1,"0"))
print("sign:" + str(sign))
print("recreate:" + str(sign*mantInt*(2**base)))
binRep(-0.75)
output:
bits: 10111111010000000000000000000000
sig (bin): 110000000000000000000000
sig (float): 1.5
base:-1
sign:-1
recreate:-0.75

Convert float between 0..1
def float_bin(n, places = 3):
if (n < 0 or n > 1):
return "ERROR, n must be in 0..1"
answer = "0."
while n > 0:
if len(answer) - 2 == places:
return answer
b = n * 2
if b >= 1:
answer += '1'
n = b - 1
else:
answer += '0'
n = b
return answer

Several of these answers did not work as written with Python 3, or did not give the correct representation for negative floating point numbers. I found the following to work for me (though this gives 64-bit representation which is what I needed)
def float_to_binary_string(f):
def int_to_8bit_binary_string(n):
stg=bin(n).replace('0b','')
fillstg = '0'*(8-len(stg))
return fillstg+stg
return ''.join( int_to_8bit_binary_string(int(b)) for b in struct.pack('>d',f) )

I made a very simple one. please check it. and if you think there was any mistake please let me know. this works fine for me.
sds=float(input("Enter the number : "))
sf=float("0."+(str(sds).split(".")[-1]))
aa=[]
while len(aa)<15:
dd=round(sf*2,5)
if dd-1>0:
aa.append(1)
sf=dd-1
else:
sf=round(dd,5)
aa.append(0)
des=aa[:-1]
print("\n")
AA=([str(i) for i in des])
print("So the Binary Of : %s>>>"%sds,bin(int(str(sds).split(".")[0])).replace("0b",'')+"."+"".join(AA))
or in case of integer number just use bin(integer).replace("0b",'')

Let's use numpy!
import numpy as np
def binary(num, string=True):
bits = np.unpackbits(np.array([num]).view('u1'))
if string:
return np.array2string(bits, separator='')[1:-1]
else:
return bits
e.g.,
binary(np.pi)
# '0001100000101101010001000101010011111011001000010000100101000000'
binary(np.pi, string=False)
# array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
# 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
# 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
# dtype=uint8)

You can use the .format for the easiest representation of bits in my opinion:
my code would look something like:
def fto32b(flt):
# is given a 32 bit float value and converts it to a binary string
if isinstance(flt,float):
# THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXPANDED REPRESENTATION OF THE ONE LINE RETURN
# packed = struct.pack('!f',flt) <- get the hex representation in (!)Big Endian format of a (f) Float
# integers = []
# for c in packed:
# integers.append(ord(c)) <- change each entry into an int
# binaries = []
# for i in integers:
# binaries.append("{0:08b}".format(i)) <- get the 8bit binary representation of each int (00100101)
# binarystring = ''.join(binaries) <- join all the bytes together
# return binarystring
return ''.join(["{0:08b}".format(i) for i in [ord(c) for c in struct.pack('!f',flt)]])
return None
Output:
>>> a = 5.0
'01000000101000000000000000000000'
>>> b = 1.0
'00111111100000000000000000000000'

Converting Hex to RGB value in Python

Working off Jeremy's response here: Converting hex color to RGB and vice-versa I was able to get a python program to convert preset colour hex codes (example #B4FBB8), however from an end-user perspective we can't ask people to edit code & run from there. How can one prompt the user to enter a hex value and then have it spit out a RGB value from there?
Here's the code I have thus far:
def hex_to_rgb(value):
value = value.lstrip('#')
lv = len(value)
return tuple(int(value[i:i + lv // 3], 16) for i in range(0, lv, lv // 3))
def rgb_to_hex(rgb):
return '#%02x%02x%02x' % rgb
hex_to_rgb("#ffffff") # ==> (255, 255, 255)
hex_to_rgb("#ffffffffffff") # ==> (65535, 65535, 65535)
rgb_to_hex((255, 255, 255)) # ==> '#ffffff'
rgb_to_hex((65535, 65535, 65535)) # ==> '#ffffffffffff'
print('Please enter your colour hex')
hex == input("")
print('Calculating...')
print(hex_to_rgb(hex()))
Using the line print(hex_to_rgb('#B4FBB8')) I'm able to get it to spit out the correct RGB value which is (180, 251, 184)
It's probably super simple - I'm still pretty rough with Python.

I believe that this does what you are looking for:
h = input('Enter hex: ').lstrip('#')
print('RGB =', tuple(int(h[i:i+2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4)))
(The above was written for Python 3)
Sample run:
Enter hex: #B4FBB8
RGB = (180, 251, 184)
Writing to a file
To write to a file with handle fhandle while preserving the formatting:
fhandle.write('RGB = {}'.format( tuple(int(h[i:i+2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4)) ))

You can use ImageColor from Pillow.
>>> from PIL import ImageColor
>>> ImageColor.getcolor("#23a9dd", "RGB")
(35, 169, 221)

Just another option: matplotlib.colors module.
Quite simple:
>>> import matplotlib.colors
>>> matplotlib.colors.to_rgb('#B4FBB8')
(0.7058823529411765, 0.984313725490196, 0.7215686274509804)
Note that the input of to_rgb need not to be hexadecimal color format, it admits several color formats.
You can also use the deprecated hex2color
>>> matplotlib.colors.hex2color('#B4FBB8')
(0.7058823529411765, 0.984313725490196, 0.7215686274509804)
The bonus is that we have the inverse function, to_hex and few extra functions such as, rgb_to_hsv.

A lazy option:
webcolors package has a hex_to_rgb function.

PIL also has this function, in ImageColor.
from PIL import ImageColor
ImageColor.getrgb("#9b9b9b")
And if you want the numbers from 0 to 1
[i/256 for i in ImageColor.getrgb("#9b9b9b")]

Try this:
def rgb_to_hex(rgb):
return '%02x%02x%02x' % rgb
Usage:
>>> rgb_to_hex((255, 255, 195))
'ffffc3'
And for the reverse:
def hex_to_rgb(hexa):
return tuple(int(hexa[i:i+2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4))
Usage:
>>> hex_to_rgb('ffffc3')
(255, 255, 195)

This function will return the RGB values in float from a Hex code.
def hextofloats(h):
'''Takes a hex rgb string (e.g. #ffffff) and returns an RGB tuple (float, float, float).'''
return tuple(int(h[i:i + 2], 16) / 255. for i in (1, 3, 5)) # skip '#'
This function will return Hex code from RGB value.
def floatstohex(rgb):
'''Takes an RGB tuple or list and returns a hex RGB string.'''
return f'#{int(rgb[0]*255):02x}{int(rgb[1]*255):02x}{int(rgb[2]*255):02x}'

As HEX codes can be like "#FFF", "#000", "#0F0" or even "#ABC" that only use three digits. These are just the shorthand version of writing a code, which are the three pairs of identical digits "#FFFFFF", "#000000", "#00FF00" or "#AABBCC".
This function is made in such a way that it can work with both shorthands as well as the full length of HEX codes. Returns RGB values if the argument hsl = False else return HSL values.
import re
def hex_to_rgb(hx, hsl=False):
"""Converts a HEX code into RGB or HSL.
Args:
hx (str): Takes both short as well as long HEX codes.
hsl (bool): Converts the given HEX code into HSL value if True.
Return:
Tuple of length 3 consisting of either int or float values.
Raise:
ValueError: If given value is not a valid HEX code."""
if re.compile(r'#[a-fA-F0-9]{3}(?:[a-fA-F0-9]{3})?$').match(hx):
div = 255.0 if hsl else 0
if len(hx) <= 4:
return tuple(int(hx[i]*2, 16) / div if div else
int(hx[i]*2, 16) for i in (1, 2, 3))
return tuple(int(hx[i:i+2], 16) / div if div else
int(hx[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5))
raise ValueError(f'"{hx}" is not a valid HEX code.')
Here are some IDLE outputs.
>>> hex_to_rgb('#FFB6C1')
(255, 182, 193)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#ABC')
(170, 187, 204)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#FFB6C1', hsl=True)
(1.0, 0.7137254901960784, 0.7568627450980392)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#ABC', hsl=True)
(0.6666666666666666, 0.7333333333333333, 0.8)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#00FFFF')
(0, 255, 255)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#0FF')
(0, 255, 255)
>>> hex_to_rgb('#0FFG') # When invalid hex is given.
ValueError: "#0FFG" is not a valid HEX code.

The following function will convert hex string to rgb values:
def hex_to_rgb(hex_string):
r_hex = hex_string[1:3]
g_hex = hex_string[3:5]
b_hex = hex_string[5:7]
return int(r_hex, 16), int(g_hex, 16), int(b_hex, 16)
This will convert the hexadecimal_string to decimal number
int(hex_string, 16)
For example:
int('ff', 16) # Gives 255 in integer data type

There are two small errors here!
hex == input("")
Should be:
user_hex = input("")
You want to assign the output of input() to hex, not check for comparison. Also, as mentioned in comments (#koukouviou) don't override hex, instead call it something like user_hex.
Also:
print(hex_to_rgb(hex()))
Should be:
print(hex_to_rgb(user_hex))
You want to use the value of hex, not the type's callable method (__call__).

All the answers I've seen involve manipulation of a hex string. In my view, I'd prefer to work with encoded integers and RGB triples themselves, not just strings. This has the benefit of not requiring that a color be represented in hexadecimal-- it could be in octal, binary, decimal, what have you.
Converting an RGB triple to an integer is easy.
rgb = (0xc4, 0xfb, 0xa1) # (196, 251, 161)
def rgb2int(r,g,b):
return (256**2)*r + 256*g + b
c = rgb2int(*rgb) # 12909473
print(hex(c)) # '0xc4fba1'
We need a little more math for the opposite direction. I've lifted the following from my answer to a similar Math exchange question.
c = 0xc4fba1
def int2rgb(n):
b = n % 256
g = int( ((n-b)/256) % 256 ) # always an integer
r = int( ((n-b)/256**2) - g/256 ) # ditto
return (r,g,b)
print(tuple(map(hex, int2rgb(c)))) # ('0xc4', '0xfb', '0xa1')
With this approach, you can convert to and from strings with ease.

The problem with your approach is that a user can input a hex code in many formats such as:
With or without a hash symbol (#ff0000 or ff0000)
Uppercase or lowercase (#ff0000, #FF0000)
Including or not including transparency (#ffff0000 or #ff0000ff or #ff0000)
colorir can be used to format and convert between color systems:
from colorir import HexRGB, sRGB
user_input = input("Enter the hex code:")
rgb = HexRGB(user_input).rgb() # This is safe for pretty much any hex format

This supports also RGBA converting and short form (#fff). It's pretty ugly, but it does the trick.
def parse_hex(h):
if h[0]=="#":
h=h[1:]
try:
col=int(h,16)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError("Invalid HEX string") from None
l=len(h)
if l== 6: #long form , no alpha
return (col&0xff0000)>>16,(col&0xff00)>>8,(col&0xff),1
elif l== 8: #long form, alpha
scol = col >> 8
return (scol&0xff0000)>>16,(scol&0xff00)>>8,(scol&0xff),(col&0xff)/255
elif l == 3: #short form, no alpha
return 17*((col&0xf00)>>8),17*((col&0xf0)>>4),17*(col&0xf),1
elif l == 4: #short form, alpha
print(hex(col))
return 17*((col&0xf000)>>12),17*((col&0xf00)>>8),17*((col&0xf0)>>4),17*(col&0xf)/255
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid HEX string")

#Converting Hex to RGB value in Python
def hex_to_rgb(h, opacity=.8):
r = g = b = 0
if len(h) == 4:
r = int(("0x" + h[1] + h[1]), base=16)
g = int(("0x" + h[2] + h[2]), base=16)
b = int(("0x" + h[3] + h[3]), base=16)
elif len(h) == 7:
r = int(("0x" + h[1] + h[2]), base=16)
g = int(("0x" + h[3] + h[4]), base=16)
b = int(("0x" + h[5] + h[6]), base=16)
if opacity:
return f"rgb({r}, {g}, {b}, {opacity})"
return f"rgb({r}, {g}, {b})"

Convert base-2 binary number string to int

I'd simply like to convert a base-2 binary number string into an int, something like this:
>>> '11111111'.fromBinaryToInt()
255
Is there a way to do this in Python?

You use the built-in int() function, and pass it the base of the input number, i.e. 2 for a binary number:
>>> int('11111111', 2)
255
Here is documentation for Python 2, and for Python 3.

Just type 0b11111111 in python interactive interface:
>>> 0b11111111
255

Another way to do this is by using the bitstring module:
>>> from bitstring import BitArray
>>> b = BitArray(bin='11111111')
>>> b.uint
255
Note that the unsigned integer (uint) is different from the signed integer (int):
>>> b.int
-1
Your question is really asking for the unsigned integer representation; this is an important distinction.
The bitstring module isn't a requirement, but it has lots of performant methods for turning input into and from bits into other forms, as well as manipulating them.

Using int with base is the right way to go. I used to do this before I found int takes base also. It is basically a reduce applied on a list comprehension of the primitive way of converting binary to decimal ( e.g. 110 = 2**0 * 0 + 2 ** 1 * 1 + 2 ** 2 * 1)
add = lambda x,y : x + y
reduce(add, [int(x) * 2 ** y for x, y in zip(list(binstr), range(len(binstr) - 1, -1, -1))])

If you wanna know what is happening behind the scene, then here you go.
class Binary():
def __init__(self, binNumber):
self._binNumber = binNumber
self._binNumber = self._binNumber[::-1]
self._binNumber = list(self._binNumber)
self._x = [1]
self._count = 1
self._change = 2
self._amount = 0
print(self._ToNumber(self._binNumber))
def _ToNumber(self, number):
self._number = number
for i in range (1, len (self._number)):
self._total = self._count * self._change
self._count = self._total
self._x.append(self._count)
self._deep = zip(self._number, self._x)
for self._k, self._v in self._deep:
if self._k == '1':
self._amount += self._v
return self._amount
mo = Binary('101111110')

Here's another concise way to do it not mentioned in any of the above answers:
>>> eval('0b' + '11111111')
255
Admittedly, it's probably not very fast, and it's a very very bad idea if the string is coming from something you don't have control over that could be malicious (such as user input), but for completeness' sake, it does work.

A recursive Python implementation:
def int2bin(n):
return int2bin(n >> 1) + [n & 1] if n > 1 else [1]

If you are using python3.6 or later you can use f-string to do the
conversion:
Binary to decimal:
>>> print(f'{0b1011010:#0}')
90
>>> bin_2_decimal = int(f'{0b1011010:#0}')
>>> bin_2_decimal
90
binary to octal hexa and etc.
>>> f'{0b1011010:#o}'
'0o132' # octal
>>> f'{0b1011010:#x}'
'0x5a' # hexadecimal
>>> f'{0b1011010:#0}'
'90' # decimal
Pay attention to 2 piece of information separated by colon.
In this way, you can convert between {binary, octal, hexadecimal, decimal} to {binary, octal, hexadecimal, decimal} by changing right side of colon[:]
:#b -> converts to binary
:#o -> converts to octal
:#x -> converts to hexadecimal
:#0 -> converts to decimal as above example
Try changing left side of colon to have octal/hexadecimal/decimal.

For large matrix (10**5 rows and up) it is better to use a vectorized matmult. Pass in all rows and cols in one shot. It is extremely fast. There is no looping in python here. I originally designed it for converting many binary columns like 0/1 for like 10 different genre columns in MovieLens into a single integer for each example row.
def BitsToIntAFast(bits):
m,n = bits.shape
a = 2**np.arange(n)[::-1] # -1 reverses array of powers of 2 of same length as bits
return bits # a

For the record to go back and forth in basic python3:
a = 10
bin(a)
# '0b1010'
int(bin(a), 2)
# 10
eval(bin(a))
# 10

Convert bytes to bits in python

I am working with Python3.2. I need to take a hex stream as an input and parse it at bit-level. So I used
bytes.fromhex(input_str)
to convert the string to actual bytes. Now how do I convert these bytes to bits?

Another way to do this is by using the bitstring module:
>>> from bitstring import BitArray
>>> input_str = '0xff'
>>> c = BitArray(hex=input_str)
>>> c.bin
'0b11111111'
And if you need to strip the leading 0b:
>>> c.bin[2:]
'11111111'
The bitstring module isn't a requirement, as jcollado's answer shows, but it has lots of performant methods for turning input into bits and manipulating them. You might find this handy (or not), for example:
>>> c.uint
255
>>> c.invert()
>>> c.bin[2:]
'00000000'
etc.

What about something like this?
>>> bin(int('ff', base=16))
'0b11111111'
This will convert the hexadecimal string you have to an integer and that integer to a string in which each byte is set to 0/1 depending on the bit-value of the integer.
As pointed out by a comment, if you need to get rid of the 0b prefix, you can do it this way:
>>> bin(int('ff', base=16))[2:]
'11111111'
... or, if you are using Python 3.9 or newer:
>>> bin(int('ff', base=16)).removepreffix('0b')
'11111111'
Note: using lstrip("0b") here will lead to 0 integer being converted to an empty string. This is almost always not what you want to do.

Operations are much faster when you work at the integer level. In particular, converting to a string as suggested here is really slow.
If you want bit 7 and 8 only, use e.g.
val = (byte >> 6) & 3
(this is: shift the byte 6 bits to the right - dropping them. Then keep only the last two bits 3 is the number with the first two bits set...)
These can easily be translated into simple CPU operations that are super fast.

using python format string syntax
>>> mybyte = bytes.fromhex("0F") # create my byte using a hex string
>>> binary_string = "{:08b}".format(int(mybyte.hex(),16))
>>> print(binary_string)
00001111
The second line is where the magic happens. All byte objects have a .hex() function, which returns a hex string. Using this hex string, we convert it to an integer, telling the int() function that it's a base 16 string (because hex is base 16). Then we apply formatting to that integer so it displays as a binary string. The {:08b} is where the real magic happens. It is using the Format Specification Mini-Language format_spec. Specifically it's using the width and the type parts of the format_spec syntax. The 8 sets width to 8, which is how we get the nice 0000 padding, and the b sets the type to binary.
I prefer this method over the bin() method because using a format string gives a lot more flexibility.

I think simplest would be use numpy here. For example you can read a file as bytes and then expand it to bits easily like this:
Bytes = numpy.fromfile(filename, dtype = "uint8")
Bits = numpy.unpackbits(Bytes)

input_str = "ABC"
[bin(byte) for byte in bytes(input_str, "utf-8")]
Will give:
['0b1000001', '0b1000010', '0b1000011']

Here how to do it using format()
print "bin_signedDate : ", ''.join(format(x, '08b') for x in bytevector)
It is important the 08b . That means it will be a maximum of 8 leading zeros be appended to complete a byte. If you don't specify this then the format will just have a variable bit length for each converted byte.

To binary:
bin(byte)[2:].zfill(8)

Use ord when reading reading bytes:
byte_binary = bin(ord(f.read(1))) # Add [2:] to remove the "0b" prefix
Or
Using str.format():
'{:08b}'.format(ord(f.read(1)))

The other answers here provide the bits in big-endian order ('\x01' becomes '00000001')
In case you're interested in little-endian order of bits, which is useful in many cases, like common representations of bignums etc -
here's a snippet for that:
def bits_little_endian_from_bytes(s):
return ''.join(bin(ord(x))[2:].rjust(8,'0')[::-1] for x in s)
And for the other direction:
def bytes_from_bits_little_endian(s):
return ''.join(chr(int(s[i:i+8][::-1], 2)) for i in range(0, len(s), 8))

One line function to convert bytes (not string) to bit list. There is no endnians issue when source is from a byte reader/writer to another byte reader/writer, only if source and target are bit reader and bit writers.
def byte2bin(b):
return [int(X) for X in "".join(["{:0>8}".format(bin(X)[2:])for X in b])]

I came across this answer when looking for a way to convert an integer into a list of bit positions where the bitstring is equal to one. This becomes very similar to this question if you first convert your hex string to an integer like int('0x453', 16).
Now, given an integer - a representation already well-encoded in the hardware, I was very surprised to find out that the string variants of the above solutions using things like bin turn out to be faster than numpy based solutions for a single number, and I thought I'd quickly write up the results.
I wrote three variants of the function. First using numpy:
import math
import numpy as np
def bit_positions_numpy(val):
"""
Given an integer value, return the positions of the on bits.
"""
bit_length = val.bit_length() + 1
length = math.ceil(bit_length / 8.0) # bytelength
bytestr = val.to_bytes(length, byteorder='big', signed=True)
arr = np.frombuffer(bytestr, dtype=np.uint8, count=length)
bit_arr = np.unpackbits(arr, bitorder='big')
bit_positions = np.where(bit_arr[::-1])[0].tolist()
return bit_positions
Then using string logic:
def bit_positions_str(val):
is_negative = val < 0
if is_negative:
bit_length = val.bit_length() + 1
length = math.ceil(bit_length / 8.0) # bytelength
neg_position = (length * 8) - 1
# special logic for negatives to get twos compliment repr
max_val = 1 << neg_position
val_ = max_val + val
else:
val_ = val
binary_string = '{:b}'.format(val_)[::-1]
bit_positions = [pos for pos, char in enumerate(binary_string)
if char == '1']
if is_negative:
bit_positions.append(neg_position)
return bit_positions
And finally, I added a third method where I precomputed a lookuptable of the positions for a single byte and expanded that given larger itemsizes.
BYTE_TO_POSITIONS = []
pos_masks = [(s, (1 << s)) for s in range(0, 8)]
for i in range(0, 256):
positions = [pos for pos, mask in pos_masks if (mask & i)]
BYTE_TO_POSITIONS.append(positions)
def bit_positions_lut(val):
bit_length = val.bit_length() + 1
length = math.ceil(bit_length / 8.0) # bytelength
bytestr = val.to_bytes(length, byteorder='big', signed=True)
bit_positions = []
for offset, b in enumerate(bytestr[::-1]):
pos = BYTE_TO_POSITIONS[b]
if offset == 0:
bit_positions.extend(pos)
else:
pos_offset = (8 * offset)
bit_positions.extend([p + pos_offset for p in pos])
return bit_positions
The benchmark code is as follows:
def benchmark_bit_conversions():
# for val in [-0, -1, -3, -4, -9999]:
test_values = [
# -1, -2, -3, -4, -8, -32, -290, -9999,
# 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 32, 290, 9999,
4324, 1028, 1024, 3000, -100000,
999999999999,
-999999999999,
2 ** 32,
2 ** 64,
2 ** 128,
2 ** 128,
]
for val in test_values:
r1 = bit_positions_str(val)
r2 = bit_positions_numpy(val)
r3 = bit_positions_lut(val)
print(f'val={val}')
print(f'r1={r1}')
print(f'r2={r2}')
print(f'r3={r3}')
print('---')
assert r1 == r2
import xdev
xdev.profile_now(bit_positions_numpy)(val)
xdev.profile_now(bit_positions_str)(val)
xdev.profile_now(bit_positions_lut)(val)
import timerit
ti = timerit.Timerit(10000, bestof=10, verbose=2)
for timer in ti.reset('str'):
for val in test_values:
bit_positions_str(val)
for timer in ti.reset('numpy'):
for val in test_values:
bit_positions_numpy(val)
for timer in ti.reset('lut'):
for val in test_values:
bit_positions_lut(val)
for timer in ti.reset('raw_bin'):
for val in test_values:
bin(val)
for timer in ti.reset('raw_bytes'):
for val in test_values:
val.to_bytes(val.bit_length(), 'big', signed=True)
And it clearly shows the str and lookup table implementations are ahead of numpy. I tested this on CPython 3.10 and 3.11.
Timed str for: 10000 loops, best of 10
time per loop: best=20.488 µs, mean=21.438 ± 0.4 µs
Timed numpy for: 10000 loops, best of 10
time per loop: best=25.754 µs, mean=28.509 ± 5.2 µs
Timed lut for: 10000 loops, best of 10
time per loop: best=19.420 µs, mean=21.305 ± 3.8 µs