Develop Reference

Python3 plot not showing in WSL

I'm pretty new to Python. I have a simple script that shows a simple plot on the console. It works perfectly when I execute the script in VSCode, and the plots shows up as expected. However, when running the same script in Python in WSL, the plot doesn't show up, and I also don't get any error messages.
I'm on Windows 10.
Here is my code snippet that I typed directly in Python under WSL:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1,2,3,4,5]
y = [x**2 for x in x]
plt.plot(x,y)
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x7f57445be700>] # I get this message and I don't know what this means.
plt.show() # No error message, but the plot doesn't show up in my console.
Again, the plot shows up when I execute the script in VSCode.
How can I display the plot under WSL?

Since you say that your MRE works in Visual Studio Code, I'm guessing:
You are using the Windows version of Python in VSCode
Or you are using Jupyter Notebooks there.
Edit: I just noticed your comment:
It's interesting because when I run the same code in regular command prompt (not bash), the plot shows up
So yes, it appears that you are also running the Windows version of Python. You can use WSL inside of VSCode, but that's not what you doing in this case, it seems.
Under WSL, there may be several things you need to do, depending on your Windows version:
First, Windows 11 is recommended here, since it includes built-in support for displaying Linux GUI applications.
Older versions of WSL on Windows 10 do not support this directly. On Windows 10, you'll need to either install a third-party X server or use XRDP. The easiest way to do this (other than Windows 11) is with Xfce4 + XRDP, but it's definitely the slowest method as well. Also see my answer on What's the easiest way to run GUI apps on Windows Subsystem for Linux?.
Since you are on Windows 10, you'll have to get GUI support working first on WSL. Test with something like xterm to make sure you have it working) and then come back here.
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x7f57445be700>]
I get this message and I don't know what this means.
That's an easy one. When you are entering code directly into the Python REPL, it will always show the value/return-result for each line. All of the other lines that you typed up to that point either had no return result or you stored the return value in a variable. In the doc, you'll notice that the return value from plot is a "list of Line2D" objects.
You could suppress the message by simply storing the result in a variable, but there's no need for this in the REPL.
plt.show()
No error message, but the plot doesn't show up in my console.
Hmmm. When I try that in a base Ubuntu 22.04 distribution under WSL, I do get an error message:
<stdin>:1: UserWarning: Matplotlib is currently using agg, which is a non-GUI backend, so cannot show the figure.
Since you aren't receiving an error, it appears (from the doc) that Matplotlib is detecting some GUI environment and auto-selecting a higher-precedent backend because of this:
Without a backend explicitly set, Matplotlib automatically detects a usable backend based on what is available on your system and on whether a GUI event loop is already running. The first usable backend in the following list is selected: MacOSX, QtAgg, GTK4Agg, Gtk3Agg, TkAgg, WxAgg, Agg. The last, Agg, is a non-interactive backend that can only write to files. It is used on Linux, if Matplotlib cannot connect to either an X display or a Wayland display.
But I don't know why you aren't getting an error (but also no display) on that backend. It might be useful to run plt.get_backend() to see which backend Matplotlib has auto-selected. For me, on a freshly installed Ubuntu, that's agg, but it sounds like that's going to be different for you.
Regardless, that brings us to the next likely step -- Make sure that all dependencies for a Matplotlib GUI backend are enabled. This includes:
The Linux libraries needed for the selected backend.
The Python modules needed for the selected backend.
On a typical Ubuntu installation, the Linux libraries would already be installed, since Linux desktop installations are running GUI's. However, the Ubuntu/WSL distributions are based on Ubuntu Server, and don't include any graphical apps out-of-the-box.
Assuming you want to use the Qt5 backend, which is the highest priority other than Mac in the Matplotlib auto-select list, we'll need to install those libraries:
sudo apt install libqt5gui5
Then, as per this answer, you'll need the Python support for Qt5:
# Don't do this yet. Read next step.
pip install pyqt5
Note: It's recommended that you do this in a virtual environment (venv) so that you don't "pollute" your system Python installation with unnecessary libraries. Since you are new to Python, I'm going to recommend that you read-up on Python virtual environments, but here's the summary to get started:
sudo apt install python3-venv
cd <project_dir>
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
Your prompt should change to include (.venv) to show that the environment is active.
Then, anything you pip install will be in that virtual environment rather than your system environment:
# Now we can do this "safely"
pip install pyqt5
python3
With this in place, try your code again. Hopefully, you should now see that plt.get_backend() returns qtAgg. If not, then there's additional troubleshooting to do.
And with that in place, plt.plot() should (it does for me) display the plot directly on the screen.

`ipywidgets.interact` shows the widget itself but does not apply the function in the argument (Jupyter Notebook)

I have a problem that interactive objects from ipywidgets do not work in Jupyter Notebook on my computer. The widget itself is displayed but the function that it should control (e.g. drawing graph with changing parameter), seemingly, does not run. I took example from documentation and it does not work.
The picture of code and output
Code:
import ipywidgets
import widgetsnbextension
def greeting(text="World"):
print("Hello {}".format(text))
ipywidgets.interact(greeting, text="IPython Widgets")
What have I already tried:
There were similar questions, like this but the answer didn't work for me (the answer was to run this:
jupyter nbextension enable --py widgetsnbextension).
The code above works in GoogleColab so I tried to install their versions of packages ipython and ipykernel (packages ipywidgets and widgetsnbextensions were of the same version as mine). But it has led to errors so I have given up this idea. I have the latest versions of all packages now and I don't have Anaconda.
What should I try next? May be I am wrong and the problem has a different cause?

I found the answer!!!
I have had several nbextensions switched on (see screenshot). This was my mistake to include everything which seemed useful. When I turned off all nbextensions then all ipywidgets stuff started to work. Finally, I found that one particular extension called Limit Output is to be blamed for. Turn it off and all works fine.
The moral: don't use everything if you don't need it. Also, obviously, there is a bug in Limit Output extension because it is not supposed to affect widgets (it is supposed to limit output data when you accidentally write while(true) or something like that).
You can read some useful stuff about SageMath in the comments under the original question as well.

Matplotlib does not show plot in PyCharm on Mac

I am using PyCharm on my MacBook to code and now I wanted to make a simple plot. When I run the file via the usual 'Run' command (do not know what it is called), it nicely shows my plots, but when I run the file in the Python console (which I find more convenient because you can access your variables) it does not show anything. On the other hand, when I just type it in the Python console afterwards, it does work.
I have read some things about backends and other 'solutions' as I am apparently not the only one with this issue. Mine says macosx and gives the command: "Backend MacOSX is interactive backend. Turning interactive mode on." after running the file in the Python console. I tried changing the backend:
import matplotlib
# matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
but that does not work (no plot pops up). And yes, I use plt.show() after my plotting section :)
I also tried with 'QtAgg' but then I get: "ImportError: Failed to import any qt binding"
Now I am completely new to this backends stuff (I think it has to do with this), so I could really use some clear directions on how I can solve this issue.
Thanks in advance!

I am not sure we can solve this bug with some adjustment. I think you need to fresh start. I suggest you to start a new clean venv and install a new matplotlib there.

Which backend for matplotlib using MacOS?

The question of using matplotlib with MacOS is a tricky one which has already been thoroughly reviewed by a number of discussions (see below). The problem is the following:
using MacOS Mojave 10.14.3
using python 3.7.2 in a conda environment
using matplotlib 3.0.3
Here is the simplest code snippet I came up with which allows reproducing the issue:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()
This throws the following error:
2019-03-22 12:25:43.429 python3.7[22209:554135] -[NSApplication _setup:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f85866b9de0
2019-03-22 12:25:43.431 python3.7[22209:554135] \*** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[NSApplication _setup:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f85866b9de0'
*** First throw call stack:([...])
libc++abi.dylib: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
Process finished with exit code 134 (interrupted by signal 6: SIGABRT)
The issue is documented here. One solution is to install the PyQt5 package to your Python installation and to add the following lines at the beginning of your script:
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use("Qt5Agg")
While this works perfectly well, I am wondering why other backends fail to provide similar behavior.
Indeed I tried using MacOSX backend :
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('MACOSX')
Which yields to the error:
from matplotlib.backends import _macosx
ImportError: Python is not installed as a framework. The Mac OS X backend will not be able to function correctly if Python is not installed as a framework. See the Python documentation for more information on installing Python as a framework on Mac OS X. Please either reinstall Python as a framework or try one of the other backends. If you are using (Ana)Conda please install python.app and replace the use of 'python' with 'pythonw'. See 'Working with Matplotlib on OSX' in the Matplotlib FAQ for more information.
The issue is documented here, there and in plenty of other threads.
Two solutions came out :
install python.app(conda install python.app) and launch your script with pythonw instead of python
use TKAggbackend
Using the first one works well but I wonder:
why do we need to call pythonw instead of python ?
what exactly is the python.app package ?
how can we make this solution work using an IDE (let say PyCharm for instance) ?
As for the second one, it does "work" up to a certain point: when running matplotlib using TkAgg, the plot window is really buggy. Indeed, it often needs several clicks on the "zoom", "pan" or "home" buttons to get them to actually work. It really is a great pain to use it. I asked several colleagues or friends using matplotlib with TkAgg and they all have the same issue.
Does anyone know the reason for this state of fact? Or if there is any workaround to avoid this issue (apart from installing pyqt5)?

Using the first option is your best bet since you are already working with a virtual environment.
According to matplotlib, there are two variants of python:
A Framework build - Quite important for GUI stuffs in MacOXs
A regular build.
Matplotlib in this case would want to interact natively with OSX and for this, it needs the Framework build this is the reason why installing the python.app type of python is important.
More information can be gotten from Matplotlib FAQ.
Check this link for more about the need for a framework build python.

I'm going to make some assumptions. If they're wrong I apologize.
You installed Python with Anaconda.
Personally, I've never had any problems on mac with matplotlib. My setup is: Mojave, Python3.7.3 in a venv using the python built in module (python3 -m venv), and matplotlib 3.0.3.
I can't answer your question on how to fix your problem, but I'm kind of trying to answer your "is there any workaround" question. Personally, I've always had issues with using Anaconda/Spyder/Conda for Python. I've always felt installing it as its own binary/app on the system leads to the fewest errors.
Now, I'm not saying you have to download and install by hand though. I use homebrew and it saves me headaches everyday I assume (such as upgrading applications and packages). That's the "work around" I'd suggest. Because isn't installing via Anaconda/Spyder already a workaround to installing Python properly? I've always felt performing one work around requires more workarounds for full functionality. Such as having to specify the matplotlib backend when it should be detected by default.
Obviously, I'm a little biased against that tool and that may be reflected in this answer, so take it with a grain of salt. Even though Conda is a legitimate tool that I think is useful, I find it annoying having to use both pip and conda when conda doesn't contain the packages I want.

There are two things you can try.
You can read Matplotlib info page on that, https://matplotlib.org/3.1.0/faq/osx_framework.html,
The default python provided in (Ana)conda is not a framework build. However, a framework build can easily be installed, both in the main environment and in conda envs: install python.app (conda install python.app) and use pythonw rather than python.
And follow the instructions.
Or simply follow the error message you get when you try %matplotlib inline,
(...)
UnknownBackend: No event loop integration for 'inline'. Supported event loops are: qt, qt4, qt5, gtk, gtk2, gtk3, tk, wx, pyglet, glut, osx
I did %matplotlib osx and have plt.imshow(myimg) working just fine afterwards.

matplotlib animations display axes but blank content

I'm trying to display the results of a simple function animated over time. There are many examples of this on matplotlib and stackoverflow (typical link below). All of these produce the same dysfunctionality: the axes appear, but the data doesn't: the content of the plot is blank. I'm literally copying and pasting tutorial code, so it seems likely to be a configuration issue, rather than a coding error.
A number of similar problems have been reported, but none of the answers seem to work. I'm on a current Mac with OSX 10.13.4, running python 3.6.5 and recently updated matplotlib. Per suggestions from other questions I've set up a Framework installation of python 3.6.5, straight from python.org. No change in behavior running outside or within a virtual environment (tried virtualenv and venv).
I haven't encountered problems with plots that don't attempt to animate - they work fine.
I've tried running many examples from the command line (bash), the PyCharm IDE, and in Jupyter, with same result (everything but animations works). There are no error messages except for examples that attempt to save images - those crash with a long error log (e.g. Animating "growing" line plot in Python/Matplotlib produces "ValueError: Invalid file object: <_io.BufferedReader name=65>" after pages of traceback). In such examples commenting out the save prevents the crash, but the plot remains empty.
Advice much appreciated.