Develop Reference

No Video Mode Has Been Set Error, cannot load in images [duplicate]

I am just setting up some functions for my game but my script fails to load the image
#used variables
# x, y for alien location
# nPc for the aliens image
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#set up
import pygame, sys, random, time, math
from pygame.locals import *
pygame.init()
nPc = '/home/claude/Dropbox/Bowtie/Prisim/Images/Alien_Races/Standered/alien_1.png'
nPc = pygame.image.load(nPc).convert_alpha()
def loc_alien():
x = random.randint(0, 400)
y = randaom.randint(0, 400)
def spawn_alien(x, y):
screen.blit(nPc, (x, y))
when I run this I wont nothing to happen as I am not using the functions yet, but when I do run it I get this error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/claude/Dropbox/Bowtie/Prisim/Scripts/aliens.py", line 26, in <module>
nPc = pygame.image.load(nPc).convert_alpha()
error: No video mode has been set
anyone know what I'm doing wrong?

I believe that you need to call:
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) # change to the real resolution
this call will actually return the surface that you want to blit on. Below is the documentation from the linked resource.
pygame.display.set_mode()
Initialize a window or screen for display
set_mode(resolution=(0,0), flags=0, depth=0) -> Surface
This function will create a display Surface. The arguments passed in
are requests for a display type. The actual created display will be
the best possible match supported by the system.
The resolution argument is a pair of numbers representing the width
and height. The flags argument is a collection of additional options.
The depth argument represents the number of bits to use for color.
The Surface that gets returned can be drawn to like a regular Surface
but changes will eventually be seen on the monitor.
If no resolution is passed or is set to (0, 0) and pygame uses SDL
version 1.2.10 or above, the created Surface will have the same size
as the current screen resolution. If only the width or height are set
to 0, the Surface will have the same width or height as the screen
resolution. Using a SDL version prior to 1.2.10 will raise an
exception.
It is usually best to not pass the depth argument. It will default to
the best and fastest color depth for the system. If your game requires
a specific color format you can control the depth with this argument.
Pygame will emulate an unavailable color depth which can be slow.
When requesting fullscreen display modes, sometimes an exact match for
the requested resolution cannot be made. In these situations pygame
will select the closest compatible match. The returned surface will
still always match the requested resolution.
The flags argument controls which type of display you want. There are
several to choose from, and you can even combine multiple types using
the bitwise or operator, (the pipe “|” character). If you pass 0 or no
flags argument it will default to a software driven window. Here are
the display flags you will want to choose from:
pygame.FULLSCREEN create a fullscreen display
pygame.DOUBLEBUF recommended for HWSURFACE or OPENGL
pygame.HWSURFACE hardware accelerated, only in FULLSCREEN
pygame.OPENGL create an OpenGL renderable display
pygame.RESIZABLE display window should be sizeable
pygame.NOFRAME display window will have no border or controls
For example:
# Open a window on the screen
screen_width=700
screen_height=400
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([screen_width,screen_height])

Do not forgot to create your surface before creating variables with images in it
like this:
win = pygame.display.set_mode((576, 1024))
background_day = pygame.image.load("background-day.png").convert()
not like this:
background_day = pygame.image.load("background-day.png").convert()
win = pygame.display.set_mode((576, 1024))

Turtle graphics window's canvas color *not* showing up in Postscript (.ps) file [duplicate]

I am new to Python and have been working with the turtle module as a way of learning the language.
Thanks to stackoverflow, I researched and learned how to copy the image into an encapsulated postscript file and it works great. There is one problem, however. The turtle module allows background color which shows on the screen but does not show in the .eps file. All other colors, i.e. pen color and turtle color, make it through but not the background color.
As a matter of interest, I do not believe the import of Tkinter is necessary since I do not believe I am using any of the Tkinter module here. I included it as a part of trying to diagnose the problem. I had also used bgcolor=Orange rather than the s.bgcolor="orange".
No Joy.
I am including a simple code example:
# Python 2.7.3 on a Mac
import turtle
from Tkinter import *
s=turtle.Screen()
s.bgcolor("orange")
bob = turtle.Turtle()
bob.circle(250)
ts=bob.getscreen()
ts.getcanvas().postscript(file = "turtle.eps")
I tried to post the images of the screen and the .eps file but stackoverflow will not allow me to do so as a new user. Some sort of spam prevention. Simple enough to visualize though, screen has background color of orange and the eps file is white.
I would appreciate any ideas.

Postscript was designed for making marks on some medium like paper or film, not raster graphics. As such it doesn't have a background color per se that can be set to given color because that would normally be the color of the paper or unexposed film being used.
In order to simulate this you need to draw a rectangle the size of the canvas and fill it with the color you want as the background. I didn't see anything in the turtle module to query the canvas object returned by getcanvas() and the only alternative I can think of is to read the turtle.cfg file if there is one, or just hardcode the default 300x400 size. You might be able to look at the source and figure out where the dimensions of the current canvas are stored and access them directly.
Update:
I was just playing around in the Python console with the turtle module and discovered that what the canvas getcanvas() returns has a private attribute called _canvas which is a <Tkinter.Canvas instance>. This object has winfo_width() and winfo_height() methods which seem to contain the dimensions of the current turtle graphics window. So I would try drawing a filled rectangle of that size and see if that gives you what you want.
Update 2:
Here's code showing how to do what I suggested. Note: The background must be drawn before any other graphics are because otherwise the solid filled background rectangle created will cover up everything else on the screen.
Also, the added draw_background() function makes an effort to save and later restore the graphics state to what it was. This may not be necessary depending on your exact usage case.
import turtle
def draw_background(a_turtle):
""" Draw a background rectangle. """
ts = a_turtle.getscreen()
canvas = ts.getcanvas()
height = ts.getcanvas()._canvas.winfo_height()
width = ts.getcanvas()._canvas.winfo_width()
turtleheading = a_turtle.heading()
turtlespeed = a_turtle.speed()
penposn = a_turtle.position()
penstate = a_turtle.pen()
a_turtle.penup()
a_turtle.speed(0) # fastest
a_turtle.goto(-width/2-2, -height/2+3)
a_turtle.fillcolor(turtle.Screen().bgcolor())
a_turtle.begin_fill()
a_turtle.setheading(0)
a_turtle.forward(width)
a_turtle.setheading(90)
a_turtle.forward(height)
a_turtle.setheading(180)
a_turtle.forward(width)
a_turtle.setheading(270)
a_turtle.forward(height)
a_turtle.end_fill()
a_turtle.penup()
a_turtle.setposition(*penposn)
a_turtle.pen(penstate)
a_turtle.setheading(turtleheading)
a_turtle.speed(turtlespeed)
s = turtle.Screen()
s.bgcolor("orange")
bob = turtle.Turtle()
draw_background(bob)
ts = bob.getscreen()
canvas = ts.getcanvas()
bob.circle(250)
canvas.postscript(file="turtle.eps")
s.exitonclick() # optional
And here's the actual output produced (rendered onscreen via Photoshop):

I haven't found a way to get the canvas background colour on the generated (Encapsulated) PostScript file (I suspect it isn't possible). You can however fill your circle with a colour, and then use Canvas.postscript(colormode='color') as suggested by #mgilson:
import turtle
bob = turtle.Turtle()
bob.fillcolor('orange')
bob.begin_fill()
bob.circle(250)
bob.begin_fill()
ts = bob.getscreen()
ts.getcanvas().postscript(file='turtle.eps', colormode='color')

Improving #martineau's code after a decade
import turtle as t
Screen=t.Screen()
Canvas=Screen.getcanvas()
Width, Height = Canvas.winfo_width(), Canvas.winfo_height()
HalfWidth, HalfHeight = Width//2, Height//2
Background = t.Turtle()
Background.ht()
Background.speed(0)
def BackgroundColour(Colour:str="white"):
Background.clear() # Prevents accumulation of layers
Background.penup()
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.color(Colour)
Background.begin_fill()
Background.goto(HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.goto(HalfWidth,HalfHeight)
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,HalfHeight)
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.end_fill()
Background.penup()
Background.home()
BackgroundColour("orange")
Bob=t.Turtle()
Bob.circle(250)
Canvas.postscript(file="turtle.eps")
This depends on what a person is trying to accomplish but generally, having the option to select which turtle to use to draw your background to me is unnecessary and can overcomplicate things so what one can do instead is have one specific turtle (which I named Background) to just update the background when desired.
Plus, rather than directing the turtle object via magnitude and direction with setheading() and forward(), its cleaner (and maybe faster) to simply give the direct coordinates of where the turtle should go.
Also for any newcomers: Keeping all of the constants like Canvas, Width, and Height outside the BackgroundColour() function speeds up your code since your computer doesn't have to recalculate or refetch any values every time the function is called.

python error, "No video mode has been set" although it is set [duplicate]

I am just setting up some functions for my game but my script fails to load the image
#used variables
# x, y for alien location
# nPc for the aliens image
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#set up
import pygame, sys, random, time, math
from pygame.locals import *
pygame.init()
nPc = '/home/claude/Dropbox/Bowtie/Prisim/Images/Alien_Races/Standered/alien_1.png'
nPc = pygame.image.load(nPc).convert_alpha()
def loc_alien():
x = random.randint(0, 400)
y = randaom.randint(0, 400)
def spawn_alien(x, y):
screen.blit(nPc, (x, y))
when I run this I wont nothing to happen as I am not using the functions yet, but when I do run it I get this error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/claude/Dropbox/Bowtie/Prisim/Scripts/aliens.py", line 26, in <module>
nPc = pygame.image.load(nPc).convert_alpha()
error: No video mode has been set
anyone know what I'm doing wrong?

I believe that you need to call:
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) # change to the real resolution
this call will actually return the surface that you want to blit on. Below is the documentation from the linked resource.
pygame.display.set_mode()
Initialize a window or screen for display
set_mode(resolution=(0,0), flags=0, depth=0) -> Surface
This function will create a display Surface. The arguments passed in
are requests for a display type. The actual created display will be
the best possible match supported by the system.
The resolution argument is a pair of numbers representing the width
and height. The flags argument is a collection of additional options.
The depth argument represents the number of bits to use for color.
The Surface that gets returned can be drawn to like a regular Surface
but changes will eventually be seen on the monitor.
If no resolution is passed or is set to (0, 0) and pygame uses SDL
version 1.2.10 or above, the created Surface will have the same size
as the current screen resolution. If only the width or height are set
to 0, the Surface will have the same width or height as the screen
resolution. Using a SDL version prior to 1.2.10 will raise an
exception.
It is usually best to not pass the depth argument. It will default to
the best and fastest color depth for the system. If your game requires
a specific color format you can control the depth with this argument.
Pygame will emulate an unavailable color depth which can be slow.
When requesting fullscreen display modes, sometimes an exact match for
the requested resolution cannot be made. In these situations pygame
will select the closest compatible match. The returned surface will
still always match the requested resolution.
The flags argument controls which type of display you want. There are
several to choose from, and you can even combine multiple types using
the bitwise or operator, (the pipe “|” character). If you pass 0 or no
flags argument it will default to a software driven window. Here are
the display flags you will want to choose from:
pygame.FULLSCREEN create a fullscreen display
pygame.DOUBLEBUF recommended for HWSURFACE or OPENGL
pygame.HWSURFACE hardware accelerated, only in FULLSCREEN
pygame.OPENGL create an OpenGL renderable display
pygame.RESIZABLE display window should be sizeable
pygame.NOFRAME display window will have no border or controls
For example:
# Open a window on the screen
screen_width=700
screen_height=400
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([screen_width,screen_height])

Do not forgot to create your surface before creating variables with images in it
like this:
win = pygame.display.set_mode((576, 1024))
background_day = pygame.image.load("background-day.png").convert()
not like this:
background_day = pygame.image.load("background-day.png").convert()
win = pygame.display.set_mode((576, 1024))

pygame dual monitors and fullscreen

I am using pygame to program a simple behavioral test. I'm running it on my macbook pro and have almost all the functionality working. However, during testing I'll have a second, external monitor that the subject sees and the laptop monitor. I'd like to have the game so up fullscreen on the external monitor and not on the laptop's monitor so that I can monitor performance. Currently, the start of the file looks something like:
#! /usr/bin/env python2.6
import pygame
import sys
stdscr = curses.initscr()
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((1900, 1100), pygame.RESIZABLE)
I was thinking of starting the game in a resizable screen, but that OS X has problems resizing the window.

Pygame doesn't support two displays in a single pygame process(yet). See the question here and developer answer immediately after, where he says
Once SDL 1.3 is finished then pygame will get support for using multiple windows in the same process.
So, your options are:
Use multiple processes. Two pygame instances, each maximized on its own screen, communicating back and forth (you could use any of: the very cool python multiprocessing module, local TCP, pipes, writing/reading files, etc)
Set the same resolution on both of your displays, and create a large (wide) window that spans them with your information on one half and the user display on the other. Then manually place the window so that the user side is on their screen and yours is on the laptop screen. It's hacky, but might a better use of your time than engineering a better solution ("If it's studpid and it works, it ain't stupid" ;).
Use pyglet, which is similar to pygame and supports full screen windows: pyglet.window.Window(fullscreen=True, screens[1])
Good luck.

I do not know if you can do this in OS X, but this is worth mentioning for the Windows users out there, if you just want to have your program to run full screen on the second screen and you are on windows, just set the other screen as the main one.
The setting can be found under Rearrange Your Displays in settings.
So far for me anything that I can run on my main display can run this way, no need to change your code.

I did something silly but it works.
i get the number of monitors with get_monitors()
than i use SDL to change the pygame window's display position by adding to it the width of the smallest screen, to be sure that the window will be positionned in the second monitor.
from screeninfo import get_monitors
numberOfmonitors = 0
smallScreenWidth = 9999
for monitor in get_monitors():
#getting the smallest screen width
smallScreenWidth = min(smallScreenWidth, monitor.width)
numberOfmonitors += 1
if numberOfmonitors > 1:
x = smallScreenWidth
y = 0
#this will position the pygame window in the second monitor
os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "%d,%d" % (x,y)
#you can check with a small window
#screen = pygame.display.set_mode((100,100))
#or go full screen in second monitor
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((0, 0), pygame.FULLSCREEN)
#if you want to do other tasks on the laptop (first monitor) while the pygame window is being displayed on the second monitor, you shoudn't use fullscreen but instead get the second monitor's width and heigh using monitor.width and monitor.height, and set the display mode like
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width,height))

display = pyglet.canvas.get_display()
display = display.get_screens()
win = pyglet.window.Window(screen=display[1])
------------------------------------------------------
screen=display[Номер монитора]
------------------------------------------------------
display = pyglet.canvas.get_display()
display = display.get_screens()
print(display) # Все мониторы которые есть

PyS60 application not going full screen

I am very new to PyS60. I was testing how to set an application to full screen mode but unfortunately, it doesn't work as expected. I tested the script on Nokia 6120 Classic. Here is what I did:
appuifw.app.screen = 'full'
What I get is a half screen of my application with a plain white colour below. What am I doing wrong? Thanks in advance.

Make sure you define own functions for screen redraw and screen rotate callbacks. When you rotate the device, you have to manually rescale everything to fit the new screen size. Otherwise you might get that "half of screen" effect.
canvas = img = None
def cb_redraw(aRect=(0,0,0,0)):
''' Overwrite default screen redraw event handler '''
if img:
canvas.blit(img)
def cb_resize(aSize=(0,0,0,0)):
''' Overwrite default screen resize event handler '''
global img
img = graphics.Image.new(canvas.size)
appuifw.app.screen = 'full'
canvas = appuifw.Canvas(
resize_callback = cb_resize,
redraw_callback = cb_redraw)
appuifw.app.body = canvas

If you haven't already, I would advise using the latest version of PyS60 from https://garage.maemo.org/frs/?group_id=854 and trying again.
Do the other two screen modes work as they are supposed to?