I'm using selenium-wire with undetectable chromedriver and it's giving me: "Your Connection To This Site Is Not Secure" when I go into a site, and the https in the website address is crossed over, and it's saying that the certificate is invalid. The website's certificate is, however, not invalid. When I go into the website on my normal browser, it works as it should. I have noticed this happening on all https websites, i.e. https://httpbin.org/headers and https://google.com/, etc.
import seleniumwire.undetected_chromedriver as uc
if __name__ == '__main__':
options = uc.ChromeOptions()
driver = uc.Chrome(
options=options,
seleniumwire_options={}
)
driver.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
This doesn't give me a popup or anything and I can still use the site normally, but I would like to get it fixed.
How can I go about fixing this?
Install the certificate in chrome. You can get the certificate using python -m seleniumwire extractcert or you can download that from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wkeeling/selenium-wire/master/seleniumwire/proxy/ca.crt
How to install the certificate.
Open Chrome settings
Search Manage Certificates and open that
Click on “Trusted Root Certification Authorities”
Import the certificate you just have downloaded.
here is my code
import requests;
url='that website';
headers={
'Accept':'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Language':'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,ja;q=0.7',
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36'
};
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers);
print(r);
print(r.status_code);
then it ran into this:
requests.exceptions.SSLError:
HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.xxxxxx.com', port=44 3):
Max retries exceeded with url: xxxxxxxx (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]
certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate
(_ssl.c:1045)')))
what should i do?
It's not recommended to use verify = False in your organization's environments. This is essentially disabling SSL verification.
Sometimes, when you are behind a company proxy, it replaces the certificate chain with the ones of Proxy. Adding the certificates in cacert.pem used by certifi should solve the issue. I had similar issue. Here is what I did, to resolve the issue -
Find the path where cacert.pem is located -
Install certifi, if you don't have. Command: pip install certifi
import certifi
certifi.where()
C:\\Users\\[UserID]\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python37-32\\lib\\site-packages\\certifi\\cacert.pem
Open the URL on a browser. Download the chain of certificates from the URL and save as Base64 encoded .cer files.
Now open the cacert.pem in a notepad and just add every downloaded certificate contents (---Begin Certificate--- *** ---End Certificate---) at the end.
If you have already tried to update the CA(root) Certificate using pip:
pip install --upgrade certifi
or have already downloaded the newest version of cacert.pem from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html and replaced the old one in {Python_Installation_Location}\\lib\\site-packages\\certifi\\cacert.pem but it still does not work, then your client is probably missing the Intermediate Certificate in the trust chain.
Most browsers can automatically download the Intermediate Certificate using the URL in
"Authority Info Access" section in the Certificate, but Python, Java, and openssl s_client cannot. They rely on the server proactively sending them the intermediate certificate.
If you speak Chinese you can read this awesome blog: https://www.cnblogs.com/sslwork/p/5986985.html and use this tool to check if the intermediate certificate is sent by / installed on the server or not: https://www.myssl.cn/tools/check-server-cert.html
If you do not, you can check this article: https://www.ssl.com/how-to/install-intermediate-certificates-avoid-ssl-tls-not-trusted/
We can also use openssl in Linux to cross-check this issue:
openssl s_client -connect yourwebsite:443
The error message is even the same -- "unable to get local issuer certificate". I doubt that "local" here actually means "intermediate".
My current solution for this problem is like #Indranil's suggestion (https://stackoverflow.com/a/57466119/4522434): Export the Intermediate Certificate in browser using base64 X.509 CER format; then use Notepad++ to open it and copy the content into the end of cacert.pem in {Python_Installation_Location}\\lib\\site-packages\\certifi\\cacert.pem
Answers pointing to certifi are a good start and in this case there could be an additional step needed if on Windows.
pip install python-certifi-win32
The above package would patch the installation to include certificates from the local store without needing to manage store files manually. The patch was suggested to certifi but declined as "the purpose of certifi is not to be a cross-platform module to access the system certificate store." [https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/pull/54#issuecomment-288085993]
The issue with local certificates traces to Python TLS/SSL and Windows Schannel. There is an open issue at Python [https://bugs.python.org/issue36011] and PEP that did not lead to a solution [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0543/#resolution]
If you're using macOS, search for "Install Certificates.command" file (it is usually in Macintosh HD > Applications > your_python_dir).
You can also find it with "command" + "break space" and paste "Install Certificates.command" in the field.
If you used brew to install python, your solution is there:
brew installation of Python 3.6.1: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed
I had the same problem. I was able to make requests against my server via the browser, but using python requests, I was getting the error mentioned above. Requests and certifi were both fully up to date; the problem ended up being my server's configuration.
The problem was that I had only installed the intermediate cert instead of the full cert chain.
In my case, following this article, I simply ran cat my-domain.crt my-domain.ca-bundle > my-domain.crt-combined and installed the crt-combined file on my server (via heroku's app settings interface) instead of the crt file.
In macOS just open Macintosh HD
Now Select Application Then Select Python folder ( Python3.6, Python3.7 Whatever You are using just select this folder )
Then, double click on Install Certificates.command. Now your error should be solved.
You can also set REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE env variable to force requests library to use your cert, that solved my issue.
This should solve your problem
This is because the url is a https site instead of http.
So it requires ssl verification using certificates. If you are working in your firms workstation, internal use sites will be accessible through the browser managed by your organization. The organization will have setup the certificates.
Atleast these certificates are needed
ROOT CA certificate
Intermediate CA certificate
Website ( domain ) certificate
The browsers will have these certificates configured, but python will not. So you need to do some manual work to get it working.
As Indranil suggests, using verify=False is not recommended. So download all the certificates as mentioned in the above link and follow the steps.
I am using requests library to complete communication with https websites. This works great, my only problem is that wireshark no longer captures plain text information in the "Decrypted SSL Data" tab as it does after following this instructional :
https://jimshaver.net/2015/02/11/decrypting-tls-browser-traffic-with-wireshark-the-easy-way/
Setup enviromental variable that allows chrome and firefox to store ssl keys in file, wireshark uses this file in real time.
Is their a way I can modify a simple https request script such as this :
import requests
resp = requests.get("https://www.google.com", allow_redirects=True)
to also store the ssl key into file as chrome and firefox do?
From what I understand about OpenSSL implementations that would do similar, you'd have to find the master secret and session key in memory - is this doable when running from cmd or practical?
This appears to be possible now with Requests.
I have set SSLKEYLOGFILE=secrets.log and then ran a request via requests.get() and secrets.log is now populated with TLS secrets. I am using requests v2.25.1 and urllib3 v1.26.3.
Apparently, it took a while for OpenSSL to provide APIs necessary to extract keying information, and then time for bindings to be created in pyOpenSSL to utilize those APIs and then for that to bubble up to urllib3.
See this issue for more details: https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3674
openssl s_client -connect www.google.com:443 -showcerts
you will see all certs that google site uses.
I have a self-signed certificate file, and I need to make requests to a REST endpoint that requires the certificate. How do I pass this information using the standard python 2.7.x libraries?
Is there a way I can check if the current user has the self-signed certificate installed in the certificate store on Windows? If so, can I grab the certificate?
How do you just use urllib/urllib2 to pass a self-signed certificate?
Thank you
I am a client to a secured HTTPS server who has issued to me a password protected .pfx certificate to identify me to its system every-time. Using browser where I have installed the certificate (apparently only IE6 and previous versions works) i am able to log in and upload a file which i need to do on a daily basis. Right now am trying to write a Python script to do the same task and I am not sure if it is doable this way.
I am trying to use python mechanize library to connect to the server.
Using OpenSSL I have broken down the .pfx file into .key and .cer PEM files.
And I am using them as certificate for my python script.
Here is my code snippet
br = mechanize.Browser()
br.add_client_certificate(host,"I:/Key.key","I:/certificate.crt:")
whatever I tried it throws various SSL exception .. namely
SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file
SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file
Can anyone please tell me what possibly I could be doing wrong or if at all this is not the right approach.
I was able to get rid of errors by ways described in this link.
It didn't solve my purpose though because the server I was trying to connect is a IIS based server and it only accepts .pfx certificates.