Python Issue with Loops - python

I have designed a code which will take a 'number' as an input from the user.
The number will be used to make a...
numerator = (3*number) - 2
and a denominator, which will be denominator = (4*n) + 1.
The code will also allow the user to choose how many times they want this sequence to go on after which the sum of all the fractions will be totaled and displayed.
Here is the Code I have:
l=int(input("How many times do you repeat this sequence?: "))
n=int(input("Enter a base number: "))
n1=n
n2=n
total=0
s = ''
def calculate(l,n,n1,n2,total,s):
for j in range(l):
s += "{}/{} + ".format(3*n1-2, 4*n2+1)
n1=n+n1
n2=n+n2
total=(((n*3)-2)/((4*n)+1))+total
print(s)
print(total)
calculate(l, n, n1, n2, total, s)
Now here are the two errors that I receive when I get the output for this code for example:
How many times do you repeat this sequence?: 2
Enter a base number: 1
1/5 + 4/9 +
0.4
The two Issues:
Since 4/9 is the last fraction, is there a way to get rid of that "+" addition sign at the end, because it just points to a blank space..
The total for the two fractions shows to be 0.4 which is incorrect, the total sum should be 1/5 + 4/9 = 0.2 + 0.44 = 0.64, I am unsure where I went astray when inputting my total sum formula above.
Any suggestions/comments would be appreciated!

A cheap way of removing the + would be to simply cut off the last character in the string: str[:-1].
As far a issue 2 goes, it looks like you want to use n1 and n2 instead of n.
As of now, you're getting 1/5(.2) + 1/5(.2) = .4

Instead of concatening a string like that, collect all the parts in a list and then join the items on the plus sign:
s = []
s.append('{}/{}'.format(1, 5))
s.append('{}/{}'.format(4, 9))
print(' + '.join(s)) # 1/5 + 4/9
I’m not really sure what you are doing but if you want to get the sum of the fractions you print, you should just make sure that you calculate those individual fractions in the same way. So instead of incrementing n1 and n2 first before calculating the sum, calculate the sum in the same way you did for the fraction output and only afterwards change those variables:
s.append("{}/{}".format(3 * n1 - 2, 4 * n2 + 1))
total += (3 * n1 - 2) / (4 * n2 + 1)
n1 += n
n2 += n

I dont know python but you could do the following to correct your logical errors.
to remove the '+' at the end, you can do something like below,
if j = l (implies last fraction)
dont include +
else
include +
While calculating total you are using 'n' value which always remains as your input value
total=(((n*3)-2)/((4*n)+1))+total
Here use n1 or n2
total=(((n1*3)-2)/((4*n2)+1))+total

Related

Draw a centered triforce surrounded by hyphens using Python

I want to draw a triangle of asterisks from a given n which is an odd number and at least equal to 3. So far I did the following:
def main():
num = 5
for i in range(num):
if i == 0:
print('-' * num + '*' * (i + 1) + '-' * num)
elif i % 2 == 0:
print('-' * (num-i+1) + '*' * (i + 1) + '-' * (num-i+1))
else:
continue
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
And got this as the result:
-----*-----
----***----
--*****--
But how do I edit the code so the number of hyphens corresponds to the desirable result:
-----*-----
----***----
---*****---
--*-----*--
-***---***-
*****-*****
There's probably a better way but this seems to work:
def triangle(n):
assert n % 2 != 0 # make sure n is an odd number
hyphens = n
output = []
for stars in range(1, n+1, 2):
h = '-'*hyphens
s = '*'*stars
output.append(h + s + h)
hyphens -= 1
pad = n // 2
mid = n
for stars in range(1, n+1, 2):
fix = '-'*pad
mh = '-'*mid
s = '*'*stars
output.append(fix + s + mh + s + fix)
pad -= 1
mid -= 2
print(*output, sep='\n')
triangle(5)
Output:
-----*-----
----***----
---*****---
--*-----*--
-***---***-
*****-*****
Think about what it is you're iterating over and what you're doing with your loop. Currently you're iterating up to the maximum number of hyphens you want, and you seem to be treating this as the number of asterisks to print, but if you look at the edge of your triforce, the number of hyphens is decreasing by 1 each line, from 5 to 0. To me, this would imply you need to print num-i hyphens each iteration, iterating over line number rather than the max number of hyphens/asterisks (these are close in value, but the distinction is important).
I'd recommend trying to make one large solid triangle first, i.e.
-----*-----
----***----
---*****---
--*******--
-*********-
***********
since this is a simpler problem to solve and is just one modification away from what you're trying to do (this is where the distinction between number of asterisks and line number will be important, as your pattern changes dependent on what line you're on).
I'll help get you started; for any odd n, the number of lines you need to print is going to be (n+1). If you modify your range to be over this value, you should be able to figure out how many hyphens and asterisks to print on each line to make a large triangle, and then you can just modify it to cut out the centre.

Loop code with: {x_(n+1) = x_n * r * (1- x_n)}

Little new here and any help would be appreciated.
I have been tooling around with this code for a while now and I cant seem to wrap my head around it. Im fairly new to python so I dont quite know or remember all the tricks yet/skills.
So the question at hand:
Equation: {x_(n+1) = x_n * r * (1- x_n)}
With x_n between (0,1) and r between (0,4).
The goal here is to make a loop function that will gather a value for 'x_n' and 'r' and spit out the iteration 'n' and the current 'x_n+1'; i.e. print(n , x_n+1), at each 'n' step while checking to see if the new value is within 0.0000001 of the old value.
If it settles on a fixed point within 20,000 (0.0000001), print the final 'n' + message. If not then and goes to 20,000 then print another message.
All i have so far is:
import math
x_o=float(input("Enter a 'seed' value: "))
r=float(input("Enter an 'r' value: "))
x_a=((x_o + 0) * r * (1-(x_o + 0)))
while x_a != (0.0000001, x_o , 0.0000001):
for n in range(0,99):
x_a=((x_o + n) * r * (1-(x_o + n)))
print(n , x_a)
I'm pretty sure this is no where close so any help would be awesome; if you need any more info let me know.
Much appreciated,
Genosphere
You could write a generator function and use it directly in your for loop. If you need to keep track of the rank of intermediate values you can use enumerate on the generator.
def fnIter(fn,x,delta=0.000001):
while True:
yield x
prev,x = x,fn(x)
if abs(x-prev)<delta:break
output:
r = 2
seed = 0.1
for i,Xn in enumerate(fnIter(lambda x:x*r*(1-x),seed)):
print(i,Xn)
0 0.1
1 0.18000000000000002
2 0.2952
3 0.41611392
4 0.4859262511644672
5 0.49960385918742867
6 0.49999968614491325
7 0.49999999999980305
To implement the maximum iteration check you can either add a conditional break in the loop or use zip with a range:
maxCount = 20000
n,Xn = max(zip(range(maxCount+1),fnIter(lambda x:x*r*(1-x),seed)))
if n < maxCount:
print(n,Xn)
else:
print(Xn,"not converging")
This is an exponentially-weighted moving average. Pandas has a function for this: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.ewm.html
You have a good start so far. You might be overthinking it, though.
The following approach just tries to generate this sequence for 20,000 terms. Each time, it checks whether the new value is within 0.0000001 from the previous value. If so, it breaks out of the loop and prints that. If not, it uses python's for/else construct to print a different value. Note the different levels of indentation.
x_0 = float(input("enter a 'seed' value: "))
r = float(input("enter an 'r' value: "))
x_m = x_0 # placeholder for 'previous value'
delta = 0.0000001
# Try to calculate 20 thousand terms of this sequence
# We will break out of the loop early if our x_n converges
for _ in range(20000):
x_n = x_m * r * (1 - x_m)
if abs(x_n - x_m) < delta:
print("Settled on value for x_n: ", x_n)
break
else:
x_m = x_n # move forward to the next value
else:
print("x_n did not converge in 20000 terms")

need help in understanding a code

Can anyone explain this code a little. I can't understand what n does here? We already have taken N = int(input()) as input then why n=len(bin(N))-2? I couldn't figure it out.
N = int(input())
n = len(bin(N))-2
for i in range(1,N+1):
print(str(i).rjust(n) + " " + format(i,'o').rjust(n) + " " + format(i,'X').rjust(n) + " " + format(i,'b').rjust(n))
n counts the number of bits in the number N. bin() produces the binary representation (zeros and ones), as as string with the 0b prefix:
>>> bin(42)
'0b101010'
so len(bin(n)) takes the length of that output string, minus 2 to account for the prefix.
See the bin() documentation:
Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with “0b”.
The length is used to set the width of the columns (via str.rjust(), which adds spaces to the front of a string to create an output n characters wide). Knowing how many characters the widest binary representation needs is helpful here.
However, the same information can be gotten directly from the number, with the int.bitlength() method:
>>> N = 42
>>> N.bit_length()
6
>>> len(bin(N)) - 2
6
The other columns are also oversized for the numbers. You could instead calculate max widths for each column, and use str.format() or an f-string to do the formatting:
from math import log10
N = int(input())
decwidth = int(log10(N) + 1)
binwidth = N.bit_length()
hexwidth = (binwidth - 1) // 4 + 1
octwidth = (binwidth - 1) // 3 + 1
for i in range(1, N + 1):
print(f'{i:>{decwidth}d} {i:>{octwidth}o} {i:>{hexwidth}X} {i:>{binwidth}b}')

Extract the n-th digit of a number in Sagemath

How is it possible to extract the n-th digit of a number in Sagemath? We have to compute the 13787th digit from pi + e in Sagemath. My approach was the following:
sage: xi = e + pi
....: var1 = xi.n(digits=13786+1)
....: var2 = xi.n(digits=13787+1)
....: var3 = ((var2-var1) * 10^13787).trunc()
....: var3
0
Which gave me 0 back, however it should be 9.
The digit is indeed 9. But the subsequent digits are also 9: this part of decimal expansion goes ...9999237... Rounding rolls these 9s to 0s, carrying 1 to a higher digit.
So you need some extra digits in order to avoid the digit you are interested in from being affected by rounding. How many depends on the number; we don't know in advance if there isn't a sequence of one billion of 9s starting from that position. Here I use 10 extra digits
xi = e + pi
n = 13787
offset = 1 + floor(log(xi, 10)) # the first significant figure is not always the first digit after decimal dot, so we account for that
extra = 10
digit = int(str(xi.n(digits = n + offset + extra))[-1 - extra])
This returns 9. I think extracting with str is more reliable than subtracting two nearly-equal numbers and hoping there won't be additional loss of precition there.
Of course, including a magic number like 10 isn't reliable. Here is a better version, which starts with 10 extra digits but then increases the number until we no longer have 00000000... as a result.
xi = e + pi
n = 13787
offset = 1 + floor(log(xi, 10))
extra = 10
while True:
digits = str(xi.n(digits = n + offset + extra))[-1 - extra:]
if digits == "0" * len(digits):
extra *= 2
else:
digit = int(digits[0])
break
print(digit)
This will loop forever if the digits keep coming as 0, and rightly so: without actually knowing what the number is we can never be sure if the ...0000000... we get is not really ...999999999942... rounded up.

How to keep a number below n

I have a python program that outputs a list of coordinates that correspond to points in a survey. To keep this simple, I'm trying to make any coordinate above n (36) display something like: 1.8+36, which is 37.8, however 1x1.8 (same number) could also work, or any similar permutation... the coordinates are in lists (one for x and one for y). I currently use an if statement, but that obviously only works for numbers less than 72.
The simplest way is probably to use integer division and the modulus operator (which takes the remainder), so;
blocks = n // 36
small = n % 36
format_n = str(small) + ' + ' + str(blocks) + '*36'
Should give i + k*36, where i < 36 and k is an integer.
As long as your values remain below 1296 (36*36), you can divide your number by 36 and represent it as this number into 36.
input_1 = 105
output_1 = (105 * 1.0) / 36 # 2.197
print '36*' + output_1 # 36*2.197
n = float(input())
if n > 36:
result = str(n -36) + "+36"
else:
result = n
print(result)
this outputs the remainder of n-36, and then +36, for example if n is 124.79, 88.79+36 is outputted.

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