Develop Reference

Receiving the error Code: SubscriptionNotFound Message: The subscription not found when trying to get data about Azure Virtual Machine?

I am working on a script that accesses details about an Azure Virtual Machine currently. This is the code that I have so far:
"""
Instantiate the ComputeManagementClient with the appropriate credentials.
#return ComputeManagementClient object
"""
def get_access_to_virtual_machine():
subscription_id = key.SUBSCRIPTION_ID
credentials = DefaultAzureCredential(authority = AzureAuthorityHosts.AZURE_GOVERNMENT,
exclude_environment_credential = True,
exclude_managed_identity_credential = True,
exclude_shared_token_cache_credential = True)
client = KeyClient(vault_url = key.VAULT_URL, credential = credentials)
compute_client = ComputeManagementClient(credentials, subscription_id)
return compute_client
"""
Check to see if Azure Virtual Machine exists and the state of the virtual machine.
"""
def get_azure_vm(resource_group_name, virtual_machine_name):
compute_client = get_access_to_virtual_machine()
vm_data = compute_client.virtual_machines.get(resource_group_name,
virtual_machine_name,
expand = 'instanceView')
return vm_data
When trying to run get_azure_vm(key.RESOURCE_GROUP, key.VIRTUAL_MACHINE_NAME) which I am certain does have the correct credentials, I get the following error output (note that I replaced the actual subscription ID with 'xxxx' for now):
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/shilpakancharla/Documents/function_app/WeedsMediaUploadTrigger/event_process.py", line 62, in <module>
vm_data = get_azure_vm(key.RESOURCE_GROUP, key.VIRTUAL_MACHINE_NAME)
File "<decorator-gen-2>", line 2, in get_azure_vm
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/retry/api.py", line 73, in retry_decorator
return __retry_internal(partial(f, *args, **kwargs), exceptions, tries, delay, max_delay, backoff, jitter,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/retry/api.py", line 33, in __retry_internal
return f()
File "/Users/shilpakancharla/Documents/function_app/WeedsMediaUploadTrigger/event_process.py", line 55, in get_azure_vm
vm_data = compute_client.virtual_machines.get(resource_group_name,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/azure/mgmt/compute/v2019_12_01/operations/_virtual_machines_operations.py", line 641, in get
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/azure/core/exceptions.py", line 102, in map_error
raise error
azure.core.exceptions.ResourceNotFoundError: (SubscriptionNotFound) The subscription 'xxxx' could not be found.
Code: SubscriptionNotFound
Message: The subscription 'xxxx' could not be found.
I am using the beta preview version of azure.mgmt.compute which was installed with pip install azure-mgmt-compute=17.0.0b1. Note that I am also using an Azure Government account. Is there a way to solve this error? I have also tried using ServicePrincipalCredentials and get_azure_credentials() but ran into different errors - I was recommended to use DefaultAzureCredentials and the key vault by a coworker.

There is no problem with the code and it works fine on my side. And the error message shows the reason:
azure.core.exceptions.ResourceNotFoundError: (SubscriptionNotFound)
The subscription 'xxxx' could not be found. Code: SubscriptionNotFound
Message: The subscription 'xxxx' could not be found.
It seems you run the python code in your local machine. I recommend you log in with the Azure CLI first and then check if the subscription id that you used in your python code is right.

Why am I receiving a TypeError when trying to use imapclient?

I am new to Python, and I am attempting to write code to get me into my gmail inbox, following along with a Udemy course. I have successfully installed imapclient, and importing impapclient does not return any error so I think I am okay on that.
When I go to write my next line of code conn = imapclient.IMAPClient('imap.gmail.com', ssl=True) and enter it, it gives me a Type Error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
conn = imapclient.IMAPClient('imap.gmail.com', ssl=True)
File "C:\Users\china\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\site-packages\imapclient\imapclient.py", line 254, in __init__
self._imap = self._create_IMAP4()
File "C:\Users\china\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\site-packages\imapclient\imapclient.py", line 288, in _create_IMAP4
return tls.IMAP4_TLS(self.host, self.port, self.ssl_context,
File "C:\Users\china\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\site-packages\imapclient\tls.py", line 44, in __init__
imaplib.IMAP4.__init__(self, host, port)
File "C:\Users\china\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\imaplib.py", line 202, in __init__
self.open(host, port, timeout)
TypeError: open() takes 3 positional arguments but 4 were given
I know that both ssl=True and 'imap.gmail.com' are both required arguments, so I have not tried taking either out. I only have two lines of code, and I am following the exact code on the Udemy course, so I am not sure how to resolve this myself.

I had exactly the same problem.
The problem is that imapclient is only officially supported until Python 3.7, so you could try using imapclient with Python 3.7.
Or you could use imaplib module. It is a bit more complicated, but I tried using imaplib and pyzmail module (to make the text more readable)
import imaplib
import pyzmail
server = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('IMAP_SERVER')
server.login('email#example.com', 'password')
server.select("INBOX")
typ, data = server.search(None, "ALL")
for num in data[0].split():
typ, data = server.fetch(num, '(RFC822)')
message = pyzmail.PyzMessage.factory(data[0][1])
print('THIS IS MESSAGE NO. ' + str(num))
if(message.text_part != None):
print(message.text_part.get_payload().decode(message.text_part.charset))
elif(message.html_part != None):
print(message.html_part.get_payload().decode(message.html_part.charset))
server.close()
server.logout()
im not an expert at Python, so using pyzmail might not be the optimal solution, but it worked for me using Python 3.9
for IMAP_SERVER you have to insert the right IMAP server domain name (like imap.gmail.com for gmail accounts)
and you have to enter your real email address and password (or get the password with input())

I got the same issue. And it has been fixed in IMAPClient 2.2.0.
https://imapclient.readthedocs.io/en/2.2.0/releases.html

Google Adwords API authentication issue

Just getting started on the Adwords API, for some reason I can't seem to connect at all.
The code below, straight from the tutorial throws the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
client = AdWordsClient(path=os.path.join('Users', 'ravinthambapillai', 'Google Drive', 'client_secrets.json'))
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/adspygoogle/adwords/AdWordsClient.py", line 151, in __init__
self._headers = self.__LoadAuthCredentials()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/adspygoogle/adwords/AdWordsClient.py", line 223, in __LoadAuthCredentials
return super(AdWordsClient, self)._LoadAuthCredentials()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/adspygoogle/common/Client.py", line 94, in _LoadAuthCredentials
raise ValidationError(msg)
**ValidationError: Authentication data is missing.**
from adspygoogle.adwords.AdWordsClient import AdWordsClient
from adspygoogle.common import Utils
client = AdWordsClient(path=os.path.join('Users', 'this-user', 'this-folder', 'client_secrets.json'))

It looks like there's two issues. First, try removing the last path element, as far as I recall, the path parameter expects a directory that contains the authentication pickle, logs etc. This approach requires that you already have a valid auth_token.pkl.
Second, it appears that you're using OAuth2 for authentication (I'm guessing by the client_secrets.json file). For this to work, you'll need to use the oauth2client library and provide an oauth2credentials instance in the headers parameter to AdWordsClient.
The following is straight from the file examples/adspygoogle/adwords/v201302/misc/use_oauth2.py in the client distribution and should give you an idea how it works:
# We're using the oauth2client library:
# http://code.google.com/p/google-api-python-client/downloads/list
flow = OAuth2WebServerFlow(
client_id=oauth2_client_id,
client_secret=oauth2_client_secret,
# Scope is the server address with '/api/adwords' appended.
scope='https://adwords.google.com/api/adwords',
user_agent='oauth2 code example')
# Get the authorization URL to direct the user to.
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url()
print ('Log in to your AdWords account and open the following URL: \n%s\n' %
authorize_url)
print 'After approving the token enter the verification code (if specified).'
code = raw_input('Code: ').strip()
credential = None
try:
credential = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except FlowExchangeError, e:
sys.exit('Authentication has failed: %s' % e)
# Create the AdWordsUser and set the OAuth2 credentials.
client = AdWordsClient(headers={
'developerToken': '%s++USD' % email,
'clientCustomerId': client_customer_id,
'userAgent': 'OAuth2 Example',
'oauth2credentials': credential
})

I am not familiar with the AdWordsClient api but are you sure your path is correct?
your current join produces a relative path, do you need an absolute one?
>>> import os
>>> os.path.join('Users', 'this-user')
'Users/this-user'
For testing you could hardcode the absoulte path in to make sure it is not a path issue
I would also make sure that 'client_secrets.json exists, and that it is readable by the user executing python

Twython: Error running the examples

Hi i have just started to evaluate different options for python>Twitter api:s.
I have written some code looking at the examples in the Twython package but i always end up getting the same error.
AttributeError: 'Twython' object has no attribute 'auth'
I also get the same error running the included core_example files.
I am running "2.0.0" from git.
/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python /Users/skjortan/dev/trunk/3rdPartyLibs/twython/core_examples/current_trends.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/skjortan/dev/trunk/3rdPartyLibs/twython/core_examples/current_trends.py", line 5, in <module>
trends = twitter.getCurrentTrends()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/twython-2.0.0-py2.7.egg/twython/twython.py", line 167, in <lambda>
return lambda **kwargs: self._constructFunc(key, **kwargs)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/twython-2.0.0-py2.7.egg/twython/twython.py", line 188, in _constructFunc
content = self._request(url, method=method, params=kwargs)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/twython-2.0.0-py2.7.egg/twython/twython.py", line 205, in _request
response = func(url, data=myargs, auth=self.auth)
AttributeError: 'Twython' object has no attribute 'auth'
Process finished with exit code 1

I noticed your question - I'm the author of Twython. A fix has been committed and pushed out for a 2.0.1 release. If you update your installation this should no longer be an issue.
Thanks, sorry for the hassle! Bug that slipped by our 2.0.0 release.

But its really has no attribute 'auth' but it has methods like:
def get_authentication_tokens(self):
"""Returns an authorization URL for a user to hit."""
def get_authorized_tokens(self):
"""Returns authorized tokens after they go through the auth_url phase."""
And this is sample from django-twython how its author make auth
def begin_auth(request):
"""
The view function that initiates the entire handshake.
For the most part, this is 100% drag and drop.
"""
# Instantiate Twython with the first leg of our trip.
twitter = Twython(
twitter_token = settings.TWITTER_KEY,
twitter_secret = settings.TWITTER_SECRET,
callback_url = request.build_absolute_uri(reverse('twython_django_oauth.views.thanks')))
# Request an authorization url to send the user to...
auth_props = twitter.get_authentication_tokens()
# Then send them over there, durh.
request.session['request_token'] = auth_props
return HttpResponseRedirect(auth_props['auth_url'])

apparently twitter api and does not allow normal login, just for oauth, creates the application on Twitter and OAuth Settings tab from there takes the data from OAuth Settings, and methods of oauth in:
http://pydoc.net/twython/1.4.5/twython.twitter_endpoints

Dropbox Python SDK SSL error

I am learning how to use the Dropbox Python SDK. However, I run into a problem when I try to generate my request token. Here is the code I am using (note that I have replaced my actual app key and secret with APP_KEY and APP_SECRET here, but I used my actual app key and secret when I try it out.)
from dropbox import client, rest, session
APP_KEY = 'APP_KEY'
APP_SECRET = 'APP_SECRET'
ACCESS_TYPE = 'app_folder'
print 'Creating session object'
sess = session.DropboxSession(APP_KEY, APP_SECRET, ACCESS_TYPE)
print 'Session created!\nCreating request token'
request_token = sess.obtain_request_token()
print 'Created request token!'
url = sess.build_authorize_url(request_token)
print url
raw_input()
access_token = sess.obtain_access_token(request_token)
client1 = client.DropboxClient(sess)
print client1.account_info()
I had the program print out messages as it was creating the different objects so that I could see where the error occurred. This is the output:
aaron#Aarons-Ubuntu-Computer:~/Twisted$ python example.py
Creating session object
Session created!
Creating request token
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "example.py", line 8, in <module>
request_token = sess.obtain_request_token()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dropbox-1.4-py2.7.egg/dropbox/session.py", line 160, in obtain_request_token
response = rest.RESTClient.POST(url, headers=headers, params=params, raw_response=True)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dropbox-1.4-py2.7.egg/dropbox/rest.py", line 140, in POST
return cls.request("POST", url, post_params=params, headers=headers, raw_response=raw_response)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dropbox-1.4-py2.7.egg/dropbox/rest.py", line 64, in request
conn = ProperHTTPSConnection(host, 443)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dropbox-1.4-py2.7.egg/dropbox/rest.py", line 214, in __init__
self.cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'CERT_REQUIRED'
I had tried using this code before, and I didn't experience this problem. I have also removed the Dropbox SDK and reinstalled it, with no result. What is causing this problem, and how can I fix it?
UPDATE
After adding Kannan's code, the output looks like this:
Ready
Generating session
Session Generated!
Generating request token
['Certificate', 'CertificateOptions', 'CertificateRequest', 'Client', 'ClientContextFactory', 'Connector', 'ContextFactory', 'DN', 'DefaultOpenSSLContextFactory', 'DistinguishedName', 'KeyPair', 'Port', 'PrivateCertificate', 'SSL', 'Server', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', 'implementedBy', 'implements', 'implementsOnly', 'interfaces', 'supported', 'tcp']
Then I get the error. I have tried re-created my SSL certificates with no luck.

I'm getting the same error. I tried what you suggested, and it turns out that ssl module has no attribute 'file', and only has ['doc', 'loader', 'name', 'package'] when I print dir(ssl). Also worth noting is that when I try print str(ssl) in google app engine, I see:
module 'ssl' (built-in)
but when I run python from the command line, I see:
module 'ssl' from '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/ssl.pyc'
and the ssl from the command line has a file attribute.
Not sure how ssl is getting hijacked... but I'm pretty sure it is.
EDIT: loader is google.appengine.tools.dev_appserver_import_hook.HardenedModulesHook object at 0x1142684d0
EDIT: found a related problem here: SSLError on Google App Engine (local dev-server)

This is strange. The Python 2.7 docs definitely mention ssl.CERT_REQUIRED.
Try modifying the SDK and, right before the line that fails, add in
print dir(ssl)
print ssl.__file__
That might help you figure out what's going wrong.