I am trying to send an email using Flask when a user registers on my website. I used the command pip install Flask-Mail to install. However, I get the following error of possible version mismatch:
Downloading/unpacking Flask-mail
Downloading Flask-Mail-0.9.1.tar.gz (45kB): 45kB downloaded
Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_root/Flask-mail/setup.py) egg_info for package Flask-mail
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 17, in <module>
File "/tmp/pip_build_root/Flask-mail/setup.py", line 52, in <module>
'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules'
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/core.py", line 111, in setup
_setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/setuptools/dist.py", line 225, in __init__
_Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/dist.py", line 287, in __init__
self.finalize_options()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/setuptools/dist.py", line 257, in finalize_options
ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/pkg_resources.py", line 2029, in require
working_set.resolve(self.dist.requires(self.extras),env,installer))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/pkg_resources.py", line 592, in resolve
raise VersionConflict(dist,req) # XXX put more info here
pkg_resources.VersionConflict: (certifi 2016.2.28 (/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages), Requirement.parse('certifi==2015.11.20'))
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 17, in <module>
File "/tmp/pip_build_root/Flask-mail/setup.py", line 52, in <module>
'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules'
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/core.py", line 111, in setup
_setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/setuptools/dist.py", line 225, in __init__
_Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/dist.py", line 287, in __init__
self.finalize_options()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/setuptools/dist.py", line 257, in finalize_options
ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/pkg_resources.py", line 2029, in require
working_set.resolve(self.dist.requires(self.extras),env,installer))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg/pkg_resources.py", line 592, in resolve
raise VersionConflict(dist,req) # XXX put more info here
pkg_resources.VersionConflict: (certifi 2016.2.28 (/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages), Requirement.parse('certifi==2015.11.20'))
----------------------------------------
Cleaning up...
Command python setup.py egg_info failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_root/Flask-mail
Any possible workarounds? Any help will be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
The easiest way to avoid these kind of problems is to create a virtual environment
>>>pip install virtualenv
>>>cd my_project_folder
>>>virtualenv venv
now activate your virtual environment
>>>source venv/bin/activate
now install there pip install Flask-Mail
hopefully now it should work there
if your done working then deactivate it
>>>deactivate
or
It seems like all the problem is because of certifi version conflict
so try downloading the source from here
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/certifi
and install from source
Extract it go into the folder and run this command
sudo python setup.py install
and it should work
peace
If you do not have virtual env set up I would suggest do so first. If you have that already you may need to activate that from your terminal:
>>>source venv/bin/activate
Once completed just deactivate it for your rest of the commands:
>>>deactivate
Related
I am receiving an error when I want to install the ruamel.yaml package
Here is the command:
python --version;pip --version;pip install ruamel.yaml
And the output:
Python 2.7.10
pip 10.0.0 from /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip (python 2.7)
Collecting ruamel.yaml
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c1/ad/9557a78f1b61951623c56225e05dacdd81f80519f13fc39a926a5793edfa/ruamel.yaml-0.15.37.tar.gz (280kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 286kB 4.4MB/s
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
sys.argv ['-c', 'egg_info', '--egg-base', 'pip-egg-info']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/private/var/folders/8j/69k5q3yn4y51g5nt2g7g9b9n24s68p/T/pip-install-htyM8C/ruamel.yaml/setup.py", line 917, in <module>
main()
File "/private/var/folders/8j/69k5q3yn4y51g5nt2g7g9b9n24s68p/T/pip-install-htyM8C/ruamel.yaml/setup.py", line 905, in main
setup(**kw)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/distutils/core.py", line 111, in setup
_setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/setuptools/dist.py", line 272, in __init__
_Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/distutils/dist.py", line 287, in __init__
self.finalize_options()
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/setuptools/dist.py", line 326, in finalize_options
ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2385, in require
reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2617, in requires
dm = self._dep_map
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2606, in _dep_map
if invalid_marker(marker):
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1424, in is_invalid_marker
cls.evaluate_marker(text)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1549, in _markerlib_evaluate
env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment())
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1537, in _translate_metadata2
for key, value in env
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1536, in <genexpr>
(key.replace('.', '_'), value)
ValueError: too many values to unpack
----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/8j/69k5q3yn4y51g5nt2g7g9b9n24s68p/T/pip-install-htyM8C/ruamel.yaml/
To give a bit of a background. I installed python3 with brew and I uninstalled it thereafter.
Now I cannot install ruamel.yaml
Has anybody had the same issue?
How did you solve it?
You should do a pip list and check your version of setuptools should be (28.8.0). If you have an older version, upgrade with pip install -U setuptools.
You should consider upgrading from 2.7.10 to a newer version of Python 2 (currently 2.7.14), which should solve your SSL problems. Make sure you don't overwrite the system python if you are running on Linux.
I was able to resolve this by downgrading the python version from 3.10.+ to 3.9.+
I am trying to import some specific libraries using python. it should be easy like importing numpy for example like so:
import osgeo.gdal, gdal
from osgeo.gdalconst import *
But it seemed to me like the packages gdal and osgeo are missing so I went to the project interpreter to add these packages, Sadly i did not find the package osgeo and the package gdal could not be installed ... I looked it up in the net but it seems that there is no exact way to solve the matter.
I am using Ubuntu 16,04 with python 2.7.12 and PS GDAL is Geospatial Data Abstraction Library
This the error message that I am getting:
Collecting gdal
Using cached GDAL-2.2.3.tar.gz
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
running egg_info
creating pip-egg-info/GDAL.egg-info
writing pip-egg-info/GDAL.egg-info/PKG-INFO
writing top-level names to pip-egg-info/GDAL.egg-info/top_level.txt
writing dependency_links to pip-egg-info/GDAL.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
writing manifest file 'pip-egg-info/GDAL.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
warning: manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/tmp/pycharm-packaging347/gdal/setup.py", line 339, in <module>
**extra )
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/core.py", line 151, in setup
dist.run_commands()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/dist.py", line 953, in run_commands
self.run_command(cmd)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/dist.py", line 972, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/setuptools/command/egg_info.py", line 180, in run
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/setuptools/command/egg_info.py", line 207, in find_sources
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/setuptools/command/egg_info.py", line 291, in run
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/setuptools/command/egg_info.py", line 320, in add_defaults
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/setuptools/command/sdist.py", line 130, in add_defaults
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/cmd.py", line 312, in get_finalized_command
cmd_obj.ensure_finalized()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/distutils/cmd.py", line 109, in ensure_finalized
self.finalize_options()
File "/tmp/pycharm-packaging347/gdal/setup.py", line 214, in finalize_options
self.gdaldir = self.get_gdal_config('prefix')
File "/tmp/pycharm-packaging347/gdal/setup.py", line 188, in get_gdal_config
return fetch_config(option)
File "/tmp/pycharm-packaging347/gdal/setup.py", line 141, in fetch_config
raise gdal_config_error, e""")
File "<string>", line 4, in <module>
__main__.gdal_config_error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pycharm-packaging347/gdal/
You are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 9.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Finally I found a solution to my problem.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gdal-bin
sudo apt-get -y install python-gdal
Thank you all for the contribution.
I'm trying to start a Pinax Project for Django.
I setup my Python Virtual Environment.
Upgraded setup tools.
Upgraded pip.
Installed Pinax.
Then when I tried 'pinax start blog my_site', it gave the following error:
Installing Django...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/bin/pinax", line 11, in <module>
sys.exit(main())
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 700, in __call__
return self.main(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 680, in main
rv = self.invoke(ctx)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 1027, in invoke
return _process_result(sub_ctx.command.invoke(sub_ctx))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 873, in invoke
return ctx.invoke(self.callback, **ctx.params)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 508, in invoke
return callback(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/decorators.py", line 63, in new_func
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args[1:], **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/click/core.py", line 508, in invoke
return callback(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pcli.py", line 97, in start
pip_install("Django")
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pcli.py", line 23, in pip_install
command.run(opts, [package])
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 335, in run
wb.build(autobuilding=True)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/wheel.py", line 749, in build
self.requirement_set.prepare_files(self.finder)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 380, in prepare_files
ignore_dependencies=self.ignore_dependencies))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 634, in _prepare_file
abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req/req_set.py", line 129, in prep_for_dist
self.req_to_install.run_egg_info()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req/req_install.py", line 439, in run_egg_info
command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py", line 707, in call_subprocess
% (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))
pip.exceptions.InstallationError: Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-Jr1szu/Django/
I've tried making a python virtual environment inside my conda environment. Also tried making a standalone python environment. Neither solved it. Also tried installing django using pip.
Gave the following error:
sudo pip install django
The directory '/home/scarlet/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/scarlet/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
Collecting django
Downloading Django-2.0.tar.gz (8.0MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 8.0MB 62kB/s
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/tmp/pip-build-SNP9W5/django/setup.py", line 32, in <module>
version = __import__('django').get_version()
File "django/__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
from django.utils.version import get_version
File "django/utils/version.py", line 61, in <module>
#functools.lru_cache()
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'lru_cache'
----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-SNP9W5/django/
What would you suggest?
Thank you for the read!
It appears like you are using python 2; if that is correct Django version 2 only supports python 3. Please refer to https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/releases/2.0/#python-compatibility
You could try installing a lower version of Django:
pip install "Django<2"
you may try:
pip3 install django
I'm attempting to get FiPy set up using Miniconda 2 on a Windows 7 system, and got to the point of running the test suite with the recommended python -c "import fipy; fipy.test()".
Unfortunately rather than getting test results, the suite gave me an error with stack trace:
running egg_info
creating c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info
writing c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\PKG-INFO
writing top-level names to c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\top_level.txt
writing dependency_links to c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\dependency_links.txt
writing manifest file 'c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\SOURCES.txt'
warning: manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found
reading manifest file 'c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\SOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'c:\users\bram\appdata\local\temp\tmpbzt0mv\FiPy.egg-info\SOURCES.txt'
running test
running build_ext
fipy version 3.1.3
numpy version 1.12.0
pysparse is not installed
scipy version 0.18.1
matplotlib is not installed
gist is not installed
mpi4py is not installed
mpi4py is not installed
enthought.mayavi is not installed
gmsh is not installed
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\site-packages\fipy\__init__.py", line 164, in test
cmdclass={'test': _TestClass(_test)})
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\distutils\core.py", line 151, in setup
dist.run_commands()
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 953, in run_commands
self.run_command(cmd)
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 972, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\site-packages\setuptools-27.2.0-py2.7.egg\setuptools\command\test.py", line 172, in run
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\site-packages\fipy\tests\testClass.py", line 236, in run_tests
testLoader = loader_class()
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\unittest\main.py", line 94, in __init__
self.parseArgs(argv)
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\unittest\main.py", line 149, in parseArgs
self.createTests()
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\unittest\main.py", line 158, in createTests
self.module)
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\unittest\loader.py", line 130, in loadTestsFromNames
suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names]
File "D:\Users\Bram\Miniconda2\lib\unittest\loader.py", line 100, in loadTestsFromName
parent, obj = obj, getattr(obj, part)
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'testFiPy'
Can anyone help me get this to work? I don't know where to start with this outcome.
Just wanted to add for those who (like me) are new to git and conda - to install the FiPy from develop branch you should (following this answer):
Activate your conda environment: source activate myenv (or activate
myenv for windows)
Install git and pip: conda install git pip
Install FiPy: pip install git+git://github.com/usnistgov/fipy#develop
I'm trying to use the Fabric 0.1.1 deploy tool (http://docs.fabfile.org/) on Windows and we're running into an issue with the readline module. I've been through various threads but can't seem to solve the issue. It's important because we can't deploy applications from Windows based machines.
C:\Documents and Settings\dev\Desktop\deploy>fab
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\python\Scripts\fab-script.py", line 8, in <module>
load_entry_point('fabric==0.1.1', 'console_scripts', 'fab')()
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\pkg_resources.py"
, line 277, in load_entry_point
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\pkg_resources.py"
, line 2180, in load_entry_point
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\pkg_resources.py"
, line 1913, in load
File "build\bdist.win32\egg\fabric.py", line 25, in <module>
**ImportError: No module named readline**
Installing the module results in:
**easy_install readline**
Searching for readline
Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/readline/
Reading http://www.python.org/
Best match: readline 2.6.4
Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/r/readline/readline-2.6.4.tar
.gz#md5=7568e8b78f383443ba57c9afec6f4285
Processing readline-2.6.4.tar.gz
Running readline-2.6.4\setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir c:\docume~1\ji81b9~1.che
\locals~1\temp\easy_install-pzkz1a\readline-2.6.4\egg-dist-tmp-szs2ps
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\python\Scripts\easy_install-script.py", line 8, in <module>
load_entry_point('setuptools==0.6c9', 'console_scripts', 'easy_install')()
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 1671, in main
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 1659, in with_ei_usage
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 1675, in <lambda>
File "c:\python\lib\distutils\core.py", line 152, in setup
dist.run_commands()
File "c:\python\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 975, in run_commands
self.run_command(cmd)
File "c:\python\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 211, in run
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 446, in easy_install
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 476, in install_item
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 655, in install_eggs
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 930, in build_and_install
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\comman
d\easy_install.py", line 919, in run_setup
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\sandbo
x.py", line 27, in run_setup
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\sandbo
x.py", line 63, in run
File "c:\python\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\sandbo
x.py", line 29, in <lambda>
File "setup.py", line 93, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'symlink'
Has anybody solved this issue or can anybody suggest a workaround?
The readline module you are trying to install with easy_install is for OS X, not windows. There are Windows-compatible replacements for readline out there but perhaps you should first try updating fabric itself to a more current version (0.9 is out there now).
Grepping the source of the 0.9 version does not find any dependencies on readline.
Following these steps exactly worked for me:
1) Installed using the MSI installer for x86 from here.
2) Installed in the default C:\Python27 directory.
3) Create a new directory: C:\Python27\Scripts
4) Added C:\Python27 and C:\Python27\Scripts to the system path:
5) Download the distribute_setup.py from here into C:\Python27\Scripts
6) Open a command line, navigate to C:\Python27\Scripts, run: 'python distribute_setup.py'
7) now run 'easy_install pip'
8) now run 'pip install fabric'
9) You should get an error saying PyCrypto couldn't install. You can download the pre-build Windows binary from here. Run this to install PyCrypto.
10) run 'pip install fabric' again and it should say everything is installed.
11) in a different directory (let's say c:\dev\hello) create a fabfile.py and add the following code:
def hello(name="world"):
print("Hello %s!" % name)
12) cd to this directory and run 'fab hello:working'. You should see output say
Hello working!
Done.
Give this readline a try. It is a module for Windows that allows additional features in IPython that aren't native and might work with what you are trying to do.
0.1.1 is an older version, I believe. I have no problem installing Fabric on Windows with ActivePython (w/ PyPM):
C:\> pypm install fabric
Ready to perform these actions:
The following packages will be installed:
fabric-0.9.0 pycrypto-2.0.1
Get: [pypm.activestate.com] fabric 0.9.0-1
Get: [pypm.activestate.com] pycrypto 2.0.1-1
Installing fabric-0.9.0
Fixing script C:\Users\sridharr\AppData\Roaming\Python\Scripts\fab-script.py
Installing pycrypto-2.0.1
Download and run easy_install installer for your python version from http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools#downloads . ie: setuptools-0.6c11.win32-py2.6.exe
On the command prompt, lauch easy_install -U fabric to install the last fabric release.
Readline should be available with Cygwin, if you want to move your entire stack in that direction.