Develop Reference

Flask(flask db init): AttributeError: module 'time' has no attribute 'clock'

While following a Flask tutorial I stumbled around this very strange problem! While setting up the Migrate directory , after the first step of setting the flask app using set FLASK_APP=sql1.py, when I ran this command flask db init I got this error:
(first_flask_env) C:\Users\aakash\Desktop\python programs>flask db init
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\runpy.py", line 194, in _run_module_as_main
return _run_code(code, main_globals, None,
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\runpy.py", line 87, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "C:\Users\aakash\Anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\Scripts\flask.exe\__main__.py", line 7, in <module>
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\flask\cli.py", line 894, in main
cli.main(args=args, prog_name=name)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\flask\cli.py", line 557, in main
return super(FlaskGroup, self).main(*args, **kwargs)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\click\core.py", line 697, in main
rv = self.invoke(ctx)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\click\core.py", line 1061, in invoke
cmd_name, cmd, args = self.resolve_command(ctx, args)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\click\core.py", line 1100, in resolve_command
cmd = self.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\flask\cli.py", line 500, in get_command
self._load_plugin_commands()
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\flask\cli.py", line 496, in _load_plugin_commands
self.add_command(ep.load(), ep.name)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\pkg_resources\__init__.py", line 2472, in load
return self.resolve()
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\pkg_resources\__init__.py", line 2478, in resolve
module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\flask_migrate\__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from alembic import __version__ as __alembic_version__
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from . import op # noqa
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\op.py", line 1, in <module>
from .operations.base import Operations
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\operations\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
from .base import Operations, BatchOperations
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\operations\base.py", line 3, in <module>
from .. import util
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\util\__init__.py", line 6, in <module>
from .pyfiles import ( # noqa
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\alembic\util\pyfiles.py", line 6, in <module>
from mako.template import Template
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\template.py", line 10, in <module>
from mako.lexer import Lexer
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\lexer.py", line 11, in <module>
from mako import parsetree, exceptions, compat
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\parsetree.py", line 9, in <module>
from mako import exceptions, ast, util, filters, compat
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\exceptions.py", line 11, in <module>
from mako import util, compat
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\util.py", line 11, in <module>
from mako import compat
File "c:\users\aakash\anaconda3\envs\first_flask_env\lib\site-packages\mako\compat.py", line 124, in <module>
time_func = time.clock
AttributeError: module 'time' has no attribute 'clock'
I'm getting the exact same error while running my .py script also,here's the script:
from flask import Flask
import os
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_migrate import Migrate
basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) #Full directory path of the file I'm working with..here, sql1.py
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'data.sqlite')
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
Migrate(app,db) #Here it connect the application "app.py"
# with the database "db"
class puppy(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'Name Provided by me!!'
id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key = True)
name = db.Column(db.Text)
age = db.Column(db.Integer)
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __repr__(self):
return f"puppy {self.name} is {self.age} year/s old!"
I looked into every solution I found (here and this)and made sure everything was correct! I ran this command when my environment was activated which had installed every package needed including SQLAlchemy and Flask-Migrate.
I even deleted them (packages) and re-installed their latest versions but still getting the same error!
I'm using Python 3.8.5

You have some dependencies that are too old and incompatible with Python 3.8. At the very least, you should update the mako package:
pip install --upgrade mako

I had a similar issue I had to update flask_sqlalchemy even after doing this I had issues. I ended up having to make a new virtual environment, I would make a small hello world project on another virtual environment to see if that works.

For me, it was giving the same error, so I removed __init__.py file from the folder which has app.py
After removing I ran the
flask init db
it worked :)

Model Import error

I'm getting the following error when trying to import models into my google app engine app:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/base/data/home/runtimes/python27/python27_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
File "/base/data/home/runtimes/python27/python27_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
File "/base/data/home/runtimes/python27/python27_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
obj = __import__(path[0])
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/main.py", line 6, in <module>
from BaseHandler import BaseHandler
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/BaseHandler.py", line 26, in <module>
from user.database import u_db
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/user/database/u_db.py", line 12, in <module>
from clubs.database import fed_db, league_db, club_db
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/clubs/database/fed_db.py", line 6, in <module>
from events.database import e_db
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/events/database/e_db.py", line 7, in <module>
from user.database import u_db
ImportError: cannot import name u_db
I renamed the model files and their container folders, and can see this has something to do with Path.
I would really appreciate some help in fixing this as I am stuck.
Thanks.

You have a circular dependency in your models, see these snippets in your traceback:
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/BaseHandler.py", line 26, in <module>
from user.database import u_db
...
File "/base/data/home/apps/app/0-1.405524594589080344/events/database/e_db.py", line 7, in <module>
from user.database import u_db
You need to fix that. Often it can be done simply by moving the import statements inside the functions where they are actually needed instead of just at the top of the file. But not always.

Defining custom Mako tool with Cherrpy.Tool() failing

I am attempting to define my on custom Mako loader in my cherrpy server via the following in my server.py:
from my.path.templating import MakoLoader
from HandleEvent import HandleEvent
cherrypy.tools.mako = cherrypy.Tool('on_start_resource', MakoLoader(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')))
root = HandleEvent()
conf = { '/' : { 'request.dispatch' : cherrypy.dispatch.MethodDispatcher()}}
app = cherrypy.tree.mount(root, '/', conf)
I then try to use the custom mako loader as a decorator on my HandleEvent class as shown:
class HandleEvent(object):
exposed = True
#cherrypy.tools.mako(template="template.html")
def GET(self, **urlParams):
return 'It worked!'
However when I try to start the server I get the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/bin/cherryd", line 5, in <module>
pkg_resources.run_script('CherryPy==3.1.2', 'cherryd')
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 461, in run_script
self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 1194, in run_script
execfile(script_filename, namespace, namespace)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/CherryPy-3.1.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/scripts/cherryd", line 95, in <module>
options.imports)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/CherryPy-3.1.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/scripts/cherryd", line 15, in start
exec "import %s" % i
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/var/my/path/server.py", line 4, in <module>
from my.path.HandleEvent import http_methods_allowed
File "/var/my/path/HandleEvent.py", line 63, in <module>
class handleEvent(object):
File "/var/my/path/HandleEvent.py", line 76, in HandleEvent
#cherrypy.tools.mako(template="template.html")
AttributeError: 'Toolbox' object has no attribute 'mako'
I am not sure why this happening as I have defined this custom loader in this manner before. Any insights would be much appreciated.

My import of my HandleEvent Class needed to come after I assigned the custom Mako loader to cherrypy.tools.mako. So the correct code is as follows:
from my.path.templating import MakoLoader
cherrypy.tools.mako = cherrypy.Tool('on_start_resource', MakoLoader(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')))
# The import should come here
from HandleEvent import HandleEvent
root = HandleEvent()
conf = { '/' : { 'request.dispatch' : cherrypy.dispatch.MethodDispatcher()}}
app = cherrypy.tree.mount(root, '/', conf)

Using a Django model from a mercurial python hook

I'm trying to queue up some build requests in a DB during a changegroup hook. The DB table is managed by a Django app. So, in the hook, I want to use the Django model to submit the build request. However, I'm unable to get my settings right to import the model successfully.
Based on this (https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.3/ref/django-admin/) info, all I need to do is add my django site to the sys path, and set the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE. The django site lives in /opt/mysite, so - trying this from the python console:
>>> import sys
>>> import os
>>> sys.path.append('/opt')
>>> os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
>>> from mysite.myapp.models import Build
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/opt/mysite/myapp/models.py", line 1, in <module>
from django.db import models
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/db/__init__.py", line 78, in <module>
connection = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/db/utils.py", line 93, in __getitem__
backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/db/utils.py", line 33, in load_backend
return import_module('.base', backend_name)
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/utils/importlib.py", line 35, in import_module
__import__(name)
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 28, in <module>
from django.db import utils
ImportError: cannot import name utils
>>>
Second Attempt:
Based on this (http://www.b-list.org/weblog/2007/sep/22/standalone-django-scripts/) I can use setup_environ(), when I try this in the python shell, it works:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append('/opt')
>>> from django.core.management import setup_environ
>>> from mysite import settings
>>> setup_environ(settings)
'/opt/mysite'
>>> from mysite.myapp.models import Build
>>> Build.objects.all()
[<Build: #1 F nkj sdfsdfsdfs43qg test_branch>, <Build: #2 F nkj sdfsdfsdfs43qg test_branch>, <Build: #13 Q >, <Build: #14 Q nkj_bug243>, <Build: #11 F nkj 444hwe45hedrrt nkj_bug272>, <Build: #12 F nkj sdfsdfsdfs43qg test_branch>]
However, when I try this in my Mercurial hook, I get blasted with errors the minute I try to import my Build model:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
path = '/opt'
if path not in sys.path:
sys.path.append(path)
from django.core.management import setup_environ
from mysite import settings
setup_environ(settings)
from mysite.myapp.models import Build
import datetime
... do stuff ...
When it gets to the 'from mysite.myapp.models import Build' line I get the following error output:
** unknown exception encountered, please report by visiting
** http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/BugTracker
** Python 2.7.2+ (default, Oct 4 2011, 20:06:09) [GCC 4.6.1]
** Mercurial Distributed SCM (version 1.9.1)
** Extensions loaded:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/bin/hg", line 38, in <module>
mercurial.dispatch.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 27, in run
sys.exit(dispatch(request(sys.argv[1:])))
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 64, in dispatch
return _runcatch(req)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 87, in _runcatch
return _dispatch(req)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 679, in _dispatch
cmdpats, cmdoptions)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 454, in runcommand
ret = _runcommand(ui, options, cmd, d)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 733, in _runcommand
return checkargs()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 687, in checkargs
return cmdfunc()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/dispatch.py", line 676, in <lambda>
d = lambda: util.checksignature(func)(ui, *args, **cmdoptions)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/util.py", line 385, in check
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/commands.py", line 3884, in push
newbranch=opts.get('new_branch'))
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/localrepo.py", line 1428, in push
lock=lock)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/localrepo.py", line 1849, in addchangegroup
source=srctype, url=url)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/localrepo.py", line 224, in hook
return hook.hook(self.ui, self, name, throw, **args)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/hook.py", line 160, in hook
mod = extensions.loadpath(path, 'hghook.%s' % hname)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/extensions.py", line 45, in loadpath
return imp.load_source(module_name, path)
File "/opt/unapse/belvedere/mercurial_hook.py", line 14, in <module>
from unapse.belvedere.models import Build
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/demandimport.py", line 109, in _demandimport
mod = _origimport(name, globals, locals)
File "/opt/unapse/belvedere/models.py", line 1, in <module>
from django.db import models
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/mercurial/demandimport.py", line 109, in _demandimport
mod = _origimport(name, globals, locals)
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/db/__init__.py", line 14, in <module>
if not settings.DATABASES:
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/utils/functional.py", line 276, in __getattr__
self._setup()
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/conf/__init__.py", line 42, in _setup
self._wrapped = Settings(settings_module)
File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/django/conf/__init__.py", line 139, in __init__
logging_config_func(self.LOGGING)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/logging/config.py", line 776, in dictConfig
dictConfigClass(config).configure()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/logging/config.py", line 575, in configure
'%r: %s' % (name, e))
ValueError: Unable to configure handler 'mail_admins': __import__() argument 1 must be string, not DictConfigurator
Any ideas as to what could be causing this problem?

The DictConfigurator error is a bug in python, hopefully fixed in the next 2.7 release (http://bugs.python.org/issue12718), something (probably mercurial) is overriding import and python's logging code fails in that case.
Until then here is what I did to fix it. Copy dictconfig.py from django/utils to somewhere in your python system path (I put it alongside my hook). Change the line
importer = __import__
to:
def importer(self, *args):
return __import(*args)__
And then in settings.py for your django project add to the end:
LOGGING_CONFIG = 'website.dictconfig.dictConfig'
Update website.dictconfig to whatever path you put the dictconfig file into so python can find it.
UPDATE: I think there is an even easier way. Add this to the top of your hook script, before importing anything else:
from mercurial import demandimport;
demandimport.disable()
This makes Mercurial revert the import override and seems to solve the problem cleanly.

If you're running with your environment in a virtualenv dir you'll need to add that to the site packages and I'd also suggest that you put the django dir at the front of sys.path instead of the end.
Here's the code we use to integrate our Django app into other python apps.
import os
import sys
# point this at the virtualenv dir that your django deployment runs out of
# you are using virtualenv. right?
DJANGO_ENV = '/home/core/python-envs/production'
# where your code lives (ie where settings.py is)
DJANGO_DIR = '/home/core/code/production'
# add our site packages
import site
site_packages = os.path.join(DJANGO_ENV, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
site.addsitedir(site_packages)
# put the main Django directory on first
sys.path.insert(0, DJANGO_DIR)
# setup the Django environment pointing to our settings
import settings
import django.core.management
django.core.management.setup_environ(settings)
# finally, import our objects
from yourapp.models import YourModel
One last thing to note is that when we import our code into some applications we've run into scoping issues and imports clashing. To get around it we wrap the work we want to do in a function so that it gets its own scope.
For example, instead of:
from yourapp.models import YourModel
objs = YourModel.objects.filter(something=True)
...
Do something like:
def do_work():
from yourapp.models import YourModel
objs = YourModel.objects.filter(something=True)
...
do_work()

Problem running pylon webtests. ImportError and TestController is not defined errror

I have directory structure as follow:
gnukhata/tests/functional.
In functional folder I have web tests files. Following is the sample test.
from gnukhata.tests import *
class TestVendorController(TestController):
def test_index(self):
response = self.app.get(url(controller='vendor', action='index'))
After running this test file, gives following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 651, in loadByNames
things.append(self.findByName(name))
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 460, in findByName
return filenameToModule(name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 98, in filenameToModule
return _importFromFile(fn)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 117, in _importFromFile
module = imp.load_source(moduleName, fn, fd)
File "test_vendor.py", line 1, in <module>
from gnukhata.tests import *
exceptions.ImportError: No module named tests
Instead of gnukhata.tests if I write gnukhata then it shows the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 651, in loadByNames
things.append(self.findByName(name))
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 460, in findByName
return filenameToModule(name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 98, in filenameToModule
return _importFromFile(fn)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/trial/runner.py", line 117, in _importFromFile
module = imp.load_source(moduleName, fn, fd)
File "test_vendor.py", line 3, in <module>
class TestVendorController(TestController):
exceptions.NameError: name 'TestController' is not defined

Try my most simple configuration and let me know if it work:
import logging
from pylons import request, response, session, tmpl_context as c, url
from pylons.controllers.util import abort, redirect
from gnukhata.lib.base import BaseController, render
from gnukhata import model
import gnukhata.model.meta as meta
In the init.py:
from unittest import TestCase
from paste.deploy import loadapp
from paste.script.appinstall import SetupCommand
from pylons import url
from routes.util import URLGenerator
from webtest import TestApp
from pylons import config
import pylons.test
__all__ = ['environ', 'url', 'TestController']
# Invoke websetup with the current config file
SetupCommand('setup-app').run([pylons.test.pylonsapp.config['__file__']])
environ = {}
class TestController(TestCase):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
wsgiapp = pylons.test.pylonsapp
config = wsgiapp.config
self.app = TestApp(wsgiapp)
url._push_object(URLGenerator(config['routes.map'], environ))
TestCase.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

Is there an __init__.py in gnukhata/tests directory? If not, then gnukhata.tests is not recognized as a module and you can't import from it.
If such file does exist, could you post here the import statements in gnukhata/tests/__init__.py if any?