so I am trying to use a variable brand which is selected by the user. The variable is then to be used to call a given module in Python. currently on line 7 you can see 'apple.solutions()'. However, I essentially want to be able to use something on the lines 'brand.solutions()' - although I know this will not work as it requires the attribute. I am looking for a solution to select the module based on the variable brands. I would appreciate any solutions or advice. Thanks,
Main program:
import apple, android, windows
brands = ["apple", "android", "windows"]
brand = None
def Main():
query = input("Enter your query: ").lower()
brand = selector(brands, query, "brand", "brands")
solutions = apple.solutions()
print(solutions)
Apple.py Module File (same directory as main program):
def solutions():
solutions = ["screen", "battery", "speaker"]
return solutions
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import apple, android, windows
brands = ["apple", "android", "windows"]
def selector(brands, query):
if query in brands:
exec("import %s as brand" % query)
else:
brand = None
return brand
def Main():
query = raw_input("Enter your query: ").lower()
brand = selector(brands, query)
solutions = brand.solutions()
print(solutions)
if __name__ == '__main__':
Main()
I have a simple way by using the exec function to dynamically import models
What you may be looking for is a call to your Main() function:
if __name__ == "__main__":
Main()
The code above should go at the end of your main program. It checks whether the main program is imported or not, then executes the Main() function if it is not imported and runs as a standalone program.
Related
is there way to make "code template" in visual studio code?
All I want after creating new file is to fill the file with this code here like c# does...
This can save me time
# Imports
x = 10
# Set Variables
def main(text, number, variable):
print("Hello, world..", text, number, variable)
# Main function
if __name__ == "__main__":
main("xyz", 5, x)
Unfortunately, there is no option to do this in IDLE. You will have to type it in manually.
I see that you want to open a file with a code already written on it.
For that purpose you can use the following code:
f = open("myfile.py", "w") # This will create a file.
f.write('''
# Imports
x = 10
# Set Variables
def main(text, number, variable):
print("Hello, world..", text, number, variable)
# Main function
if __name__ == "__main__":
main("xyz", 5, x)
''')
f.close()
Is it possible for python to accept input like this:
Folder name: Download
But instead of the user typing "Download" it is already there as a initial value. If the user wants to edit it as "Downloads" all he has to do is add a 's' and press enter.
Using normal input command:
folder=input('Folder name: ')
all I can get is a blank prompt:
Folder name:
Is there a simple way to do this that I'm missing?
The standard library functions input() and raw_input() don't have this functionality. If you're using Linux you can use the readline module to define an input function that uses a prefill value and advanced line editing:
import readline
def rlinput(prompt, prefill=''):
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt) # or raw_input in Python 2
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
I'm assuming you mean from the command-line. I've never seen initial values for command line prompts, they're usually of the form:
Folder [default] :
which in code is simply:
res = raw_input('Folder [default] : ')
res = res or 'default'
Alternatively, you can try to do something using the curses module in Python.
This works in windows.
import win32console
_stdin = win32console.GetStdHandle(win32console.STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
def input_def(prompt, default=''):
keys = []
for c in unicode(default):
evt = win32console.PyINPUT_RECORDType(win32console.KEY_EVENT)
evt.Char = c
evt.RepeatCount = 1
evt.KeyDown = True
keys.append(evt)
_stdin.WriteConsoleInput(keys)
return raw_input(prompt)
if __name__ == '__main__':
name = input_def('Folder name: ')
print
print name
I finally found a simple alternative that works on Windows and Linux. Essentially, i'm using the pyautogui module to simulate the user's input. in practice, it looks like this:
from pyautogui import typewrite
print("enter folder name: ")
typewrite("Default Value")
folder = input()
A Word of Warning:
Theoretically, the user can insert characters in the middle of the "default" input by pressing a key before typewrite finishes.
pyautogui is notoriously unreliable on headless systems, so make sure to provide a backup solution in case the import fails. If you run into No module named 'Xlib', try to install the python3-xlib or python-xlib package (or the xlib module). Running over ssh can also be a problem.
An example fallback implementation:
Since a missing X-server can logically only happen on linux, here's an implementation that uses sth's answer as fallback:
try:
from pyautogui import typewrite
autogui = True
except (ImportError, KeyError):
import readline
autogui = False
def rlinput(prompt, prefill=''):
if autogui:
print(prompt)
typewrite(prefill)
return input()
else:
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt)
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
I think that the best (the easiest and most portable) solution is a combination of #rlotun and #Stephen answers:
default = '/default/path/'
dir = raw_input('Folder [%s]' % default)
dir = dir or default
I would like to suggest using the clipboard to solve this problem. Paste the clipboard into the input line, edit as required, press enter. Variable clpstack is used to protect existing clipboard contents. This code is for Windows. Linux could use import clipboard.
import pyperclip as clp
clpstack=clp.paste()
clp.copy("192.168.4.1")
HOST = input("Enter telnet host: ")
clp.copy(clpstack)
I found PyInquirer to be very helpful, especially when building interactive console applications frequently. Prompting a user with a default modifiable value would look as follows:
from PyInquirer import prompt
question = [
{
'type': 'input',
'name': 'first_name',
'message': 'Name please',
'default': 'Max'
}
]
answer = prompt(question)
print('Hello {}'.format(answer['first_name']))
Recently faced this problem. None of the above answers seem to be flawless. So I did some research, and found the following solution to be the easiest, and works both for Windows and Linux:
import keyboard
def input_with_default(prompt_, default_):
keyboard.write(default_)
return input(prompt_)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(input_with_default("Please enter: ", "hello world"))
I like this, It works on window
def inputWdefault(prompt, default):
bck = chr(8) * len(default)
ret = input(prompt + default + bck)
return ret or default
I liked the approach taken by #MCO so I refactored the code. I tested it on X Windows and Microsoft Windows 10 WSL 2 using Microsoft Terminal:
def input_with_default(prompt, prefill=''):
try:
from pyautogui import typewrite
print(prompt)
typewrite(prefill)
return input()
except (ImportError, KeyError):
import readline
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt)
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
Not the best aproach but for the sake of sharing...
You could use Javascript to get all sort of inputs in IPython Notebook.
from IPython.display import HTML
newvar = ""
htm = """
<input id="inptval" style="width:60%;" type="text" value="This is an editable default value.">
<button onclick="set_value()" style="width:20%;">OK</button>
<script type="text/Javascript">
function set_value(){
var input_value = document.getElementById('inptval').value;
var command = "newvar = '" + input_value + "'";
var kernel = IPython.notebook.kernel;
kernel.execute(command);
}
</script>
"""
HTML(htm)
On the next cell you can use the new variable:
print newvar
We can use Tkinter and use a StringVar to do this. The limitation is that the input is through a Tkinter window.
from tkinter import Tk, LEFT, BOTH, StringVar
from tkinter.ttk import Entry, Frame
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Entry")
self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
self.contents = StringVar()
# give the StringVar a default value
self.contents.set('test')
self.entry = Entry(self)
self.entry.pack(side=LEFT, padx=15)
self.entry["textvariable"] = self.contents
self.entry.bind('<Key-Return>', self.on_changed)
def on_changed(self, event):
print('contents: {}'.format(self.contents.get()))
return True
def main():
root = Tk()
ex = Example(root)
root.geometry("250x100+300+300")
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
If you are writing a CLI, you might want to consider using the python-click library for this.
You would achieve your goal with the following code:
import click
user_input = click.prompt(text="Folder name", default="Download")
print(f"{user_input=}")
If you run this code, and type in nothing, then you get:
$ python3 cli_code.py
Folder name [Download]:
user_input='Download'
If you run this code, and type in 'my-dir', then you get:
$ python3 cli_code.py
Folder name [Download]: my-dir
user_input='my-dir'
Try using an "f-string" and "or" combination, say:
default_name = "that_folder"
this_folder = input(f"Folder name: ({default_name}) ") or default_name
print(this_folder)
If you hit Return without typing in the folder name, the default_name will be assumed.
This is not a very Good Answer but it is a work around for windows. As hard as I tried, I could not get Readline or pyReadline to work on my Windows10 computer with Python Ver 3.5. So I wrote this instead. Not the best code in the world since I've only been using Python for 3 months. But it works.
import os
def note_input(defaultvalue):
#Create a textfile
txtfile = open("txtfile.txt", "w")
#
# populate it with the default value
txtfile.write(defaultvalue)
txtfile.close()
#
# call Notepad
os.system("notepad.exe txtfile.txt")
# input("Just holding until notepad is close : ") (did not need this line)
#
# get the Value Entered/Changed in Notepad
txtfile = open("txtfile.txt", "r")
func_value = txtfile.read()
txtfile.close()
return func_value
# END DEF
Notepad stopped the program from running until it was closed, so the input() line below it was not needed. Once notepad was opened the first time and placed where I wanted it on the screen, It was like a popup input window. I assume you can use any text editor like Notepad++ or Scripe or Code Writer, etc.
If you do that, the user would have to delete the existing word. What about providing a default value if the user hits "return"?
>>> default_folder = "My Documents"
>>> try: folder = input("folder name [%s]:" %default_folder)
... except SyntaxError: folder = default_folder
How do I import a Python file and use the user input later?
For example:
#mainprogram
from folder import startup
name
#startup
name = input('Choose your name')
What I want is to use the startup program to input the name, then be able to use the name later in the main program.
You can access that variable via startup.name later in your code.
name will be in startup.name. You can use dir(startup) to see it.
Or, as an alternate solution:
# Assuming from the names that 'folder' is a folder and 'startup' is a Python script
from folder.startup import *
now you can just use name without the startup. in front of it.
I think is better do your code in classes and functions.
I suggest you to do:
class Startup(object):
#staticmethod
def getName():
name = ""
try:
name = input("Put your name: ")
print('Name took.')
return True
except:
"Can't get name."
return False
>> import startup
>> Startup.getName()
I need to store python code in a database and load it in some kind of bootstrap.py application for execution. I cannot use filesystem because I'm using GAE, so this is my only choice.
However I'm not a python experienced user.
I already was able to load 1 line of code and run it using eval, however a piece of code with two lines or more gave me a "invalid syntax" error.
I'm also thinking if it's possible to extend the "import" loader to implement the DB loading.
Thanks!
I was able to do what I intent after reading more about Python dynamic code loading.
Here is the sample code. I removed headers to be lighter:
Thanks anyway!
=============
class DynCode(db.Model):
name = db.StringProperty()
code = db.TextProperty(default=None)
=============
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
dyn = DynCode()
dyn = "index"
dyn.code = """
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.response.out.write("Hello World\\n")
self.response.out.write("Hello World 2\\n")
"""
dyn.put()
self.response.out.write("OK.")
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/update', MainHandler)], debug=True)
util.run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
==================================
def main():
query = DynCode.all()
dyncodes = query.fetch(1)
module = imp.new_module('mymodule')
for dyn in dyncodes:
exec dyn.code in module.__dict__
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/', module.MainHandler)], debug=True)
util.run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
=======================
If you want a more robust mechanism, you probably want to read PEP302, which describes input hooks. You can use these to import code rather than having to eval it.
I somewhat agree with the commentators above, it sounds kind of dangerous. However:
I experimented a little with App Engine Console ( http://con.appspot.com/console/ ), and eval() indeed tended to throw SyntaxError's.
Instead, the exec statement might be your friend ( http://docs.python.org/release/2.5.2/ref/exec.html ).
I managed to run this in App Engine Console:
>>> exec "def f(x):\n x = x + 1\n y = 10\n return x + y"
>>> f(10)
21
So try the exec statement, but remember the many, many (many!) perils of code coming directly from end-users.
Is it possible for python to accept input like this:
Folder name: Download
But instead of the user typing "Download" it is already there as a initial value. If the user wants to edit it as "Downloads" all he has to do is add a 's' and press enter.
Using normal input command:
folder=input('Folder name: ')
all I can get is a blank prompt:
Folder name:
Is there a simple way to do this that I'm missing?
The standard library functions input() and raw_input() don't have this functionality. If you're using Linux you can use the readline module to define an input function that uses a prefill value and advanced line editing:
import readline
def rlinput(prompt, prefill=''):
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt) # or raw_input in Python 2
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
I'm assuming you mean from the command-line. I've never seen initial values for command line prompts, they're usually of the form:
Folder [default] :
which in code is simply:
res = raw_input('Folder [default] : ')
res = res or 'default'
Alternatively, you can try to do something using the curses module in Python.
This works in windows.
import win32console
_stdin = win32console.GetStdHandle(win32console.STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
def input_def(prompt, default=''):
keys = []
for c in unicode(default):
evt = win32console.PyINPUT_RECORDType(win32console.KEY_EVENT)
evt.Char = c
evt.RepeatCount = 1
evt.KeyDown = True
keys.append(evt)
_stdin.WriteConsoleInput(keys)
return raw_input(prompt)
if __name__ == '__main__':
name = input_def('Folder name: ')
print
print name
I finally found a simple alternative that works on Windows and Linux. Essentially, i'm using the pyautogui module to simulate the user's input. in practice, it looks like this:
from pyautogui import typewrite
print("enter folder name: ")
typewrite("Default Value")
folder = input()
A Word of Warning:
Theoretically, the user can insert characters in the middle of the "default" input by pressing a key before typewrite finishes.
pyautogui is notoriously unreliable on headless systems, so make sure to provide a backup solution in case the import fails. If you run into No module named 'Xlib', try to install the python3-xlib or python-xlib package (or the xlib module). Running over ssh can also be a problem.
An example fallback implementation:
Since a missing X-server can logically only happen on linux, here's an implementation that uses sth's answer as fallback:
try:
from pyautogui import typewrite
autogui = True
except (ImportError, KeyError):
import readline
autogui = False
def rlinput(prompt, prefill=''):
if autogui:
print(prompt)
typewrite(prefill)
return input()
else:
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt)
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
I think that the best (the easiest and most portable) solution is a combination of #rlotun and #Stephen answers:
default = '/default/path/'
dir = raw_input('Folder [%s]' % default)
dir = dir or default
I would like to suggest using the clipboard to solve this problem. Paste the clipboard into the input line, edit as required, press enter. Variable clpstack is used to protect existing clipboard contents. This code is for Windows. Linux could use import clipboard.
import pyperclip as clp
clpstack=clp.paste()
clp.copy("192.168.4.1")
HOST = input("Enter telnet host: ")
clp.copy(clpstack)
I found PyInquirer to be very helpful, especially when building interactive console applications frequently. Prompting a user with a default modifiable value would look as follows:
from PyInquirer import prompt
question = [
{
'type': 'input',
'name': 'first_name',
'message': 'Name please',
'default': 'Max'
}
]
answer = prompt(question)
print('Hello {}'.format(answer['first_name']))
Recently faced this problem. None of the above answers seem to be flawless. So I did some research, and found the following solution to be the easiest, and works both for Windows and Linux:
import keyboard
def input_with_default(prompt_, default_):
keyboard.write(default_)
return input(prompt_)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(input_with_default("Please enter: ", "hello world"))
I like this, It works on window
def inputWdefault(prompt, default):
bck = chr(8) * len(default)
ret = input(prompt + default + bck)
return ret or default
I liked the approach taken by #MCO so I refactored the code. I tested it on X Windows and Microsoft Windows 10 WSL 2 using Microsoft Terminal:
def input_with_default(prompt, prefill=''):
try:
from pyautogui import typewrite
print(prompt)
typewrite(prefill)
return input()
except (ImportError, KeyError):
import readline
readline.set_startup_hook(lambda: readline.insert_text(prefill))
try:
return input(prompt)
finally:
readline.set_startup_hook()
Not the best aproach but for the sake of sharing...
You could use Javascript to get all sort of inputs in IPython Notebook.
from IPython.display import HTML
newvar = ""
htm = """
<input id="inptval" style="width:60%;" type="text" value="This is an editable default value.">
<button onclick="set_value()" style="width:20%;">OK</button>
<script type="text/Javascript">
function set_value(){
var input_value = document.getElementById('inptval').value;
var command = "newvar = '" + input_value + "'";
var kernel = IPython.notebook.kernel;
kernel.execute(command);
}
</script>
"""
HTML(htm)
On the next cell you can use the new variable:
print newvar
We can use Tkinter and use a StringVar to do this. The limitation is that the input is through a Tkinter window.
from tkinter import Tk, LEFT, BOTH, StringVar
from tkinter.ttk import Entry, Frame
class Example(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.parent.title("Entry")
self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
self.contents = StringVar()
# give the StringVar a default value
self.contents.set('test')
self.entry = Entry(self)
self.entry.pack(side=LEFT, padx=15)
self.entry["textvariable"] = self.contents
self.entry.bind('<Key-Return>', self.on_changed)
def on_changed(self, event):
print('contents: {}'.format(self.contents.get()))
return True
def main():
root = Tk()
ex = Example(root)
root.geometry("250x100+300+300")
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
If you are writing a CLI, you might want to consider using the python-click library for this.
You would achieve your goal with the following code:
import click
user_input = click.prompt(text="Folder name", default="Download")
print(f"{user_input=}")
If you run this code, and type in nothing, then you get:
$ python3 cli_code.py
Folder name [Download]:
user_input='Download'
If you run this code, and type in 'my-dir', then you get:
$ python3 cli_code.py
Folder name [Download]: my-dir
user_input='my-dir'
Try using an "f-string" and "or" combination, say:
default_name = "that_folder"
this_folder = input(f"Folder name: ({default_name}) ") or default_name
print(this_folder)
If you hit Return without typing in the folder name, the default_name will be assumed.
This is not a very Good Answer but it is a work around for windows. As hard as I tried, I could not get Readline or pyReadline to work on my Windows10 computer with Python Ver 3.5. So I wrote this instead. Not the best code in the world since I've only been using Python for 3 months. But it works.
import os
def note_input(defaultvalue):
#Create a textfile
txtfile = open("txtfile.txt", "w")
#
# populate it with the default value
txtfile.write(defaultvalue)
txtfile.close()
#
# call Notepad
os.system("notepad.exe txtfile.txt")
# input("Just holding until notepad is close : ") (did not need this line)
#
# get the Value Entered/Changed in Notepad
txtfile = open("txtfile.txt", "r")
func_value = txtfile.read()
txtfile.close()
return func_value
# END DEF
Notepad stopped the program from running until it was closed, so the input() line below it was not needed. Once notepad was opened the first time and placed where I wanted it on the screen, It was like a popup input window. I assume you can use any text editor like Notepad++ or Scripe or Code Writer, etc.
If you do that, the user would have to delete the existing word. What about providing a default value if the user hits "return"?
>>> default_folder = "My Documents"
>>> try: folder = input("folder name [%s]:" %default_folder)
... except SyntaxError: folder = default_folder