What is the most appropriate method to determine the encoding in the text from a webpage. I process webpages from various languages and use Python and the "requests" library. The aim is eventually to be able to get clean text using some text extraction library for text mining projects
resp = requests.get(url)
Now I know that we have the following options:
1)
from requests.utils import get_encoding_from_headers
encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(resp.headers)
html = (resp.content).decode(encoding)
2)
from requests_toolbelt.utils.deprecated import get_encodings_from_content
encoding = get_encodings_from_content(resp.content)
html = (resp.content).decode(encoding)
3)
from requests_toolbelt.utils.deprecated import get_encodings_from_content
html = get_unicode_from_response(resp)
I processed around a 1000 urls and was expecting 1) and 2) to be the same but 20% of the time that wasnt the case. In those 20% cases (1) would give "ISO-8859-1" which from looking at the code means it didnt find the charset in the header and (2) mostly gave out "utf8"
Now does someone have some experience with this as to what the most appropriate technique among these is or if a better more cleaner way exists?
Don't trust the declared encoding, just test it directly on the HTML code you got with the chardet or cchardet (faster) libraries:
import requests
try:
# this module is much faster
import cchardet as chardet
except ImportError:
import chardet
response = requests.get(url)
guessed_encoding = chardet.detect(response.content)['encoding']
if guessed_encoding is not None:
try:
htmltext = response.content.decode(guessed_encoding)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
htmltext = response.text
else:
htmltext = response.text
# do something with htmltext...
Related
I'm new to python and have undertaken my first project to automate something for my role (I'm in the network space, so forgive me if this is terrible!).
I'm required to to download a .json file from the below link:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/confirmation.aspx?id=56519
My script goes through and retrieves the manual download link.
The reason I'm getting the URL in this way, is that the download link changes every fortnight when MS update the file.
My preference is to extract the "addressPrefixes" contents from the names of "AzureCloud.australiacentral", "AzureCloud.australiacentral2", "AzureCloud.australiaeast", "AzureCloud.australiasoutheast".
I'm then wanting to strip out characters of " & ','.
Each of the subnet ranges should then reside on a new line and be placed in a text file.
If I perform the below, I'm able to get the output that I am wanting.
Am I correct in thinking that I can use a for loop to achieve this? If so, would it be better to use a Python dictionary as opposed to using JSON formatted output?
# Script to check Azure IPs
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Import Modules for script
import requests
import re
import json
import urllib.request
search = 'https://download.*?\.json'
ms_dl_centre = "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/confirmation.aspx?id=56519"
requests_get = requests.get(ms_dl_centre)
json_url_search = re.search(search, requests_get.text)
json_file = json_url_search.group(0)
with urllib.request.urlopen(json_file) as url:
contents = json.loads(url.read().decode())
print(json.dumps(contents['values'][1]['properties']['addressPrefixes'], indent = 0)) #use this to print contents from json entry 1
I'm not convinced that using re to parse HTML is a good idea. BeautifulSoup is more suited to the task. Upon inspection of the HTML response I note that there's a span element of class file-link-view1 that seems to uniquely identify the URL to the JSON download. Assuming that to be a robust approach (i.e. Microsoft don't change the way the download URL is presented) then this is how I'd do it:-
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
namelist = ["AzureCloud.australiacentral", "AzureCloud.australiacentral2",
"AzureCloud.australiaeast", "AzureCloud.australiasoutheast"]
baseurl = 'https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/confirmation.aspx?id=56519'
with requests.Session() as session:
response = session.get(baseurl)
response.raise_for_status()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
downloadurl = soup.find('span', class_='file-link-view1').find('a')['href']
response = session.get(downloadurl)
response.raise_for_status()
json = response.json()
for n in json['values']:
if n['name'] in namelist:
print(n['name'])
for ap in n['properties']['addressPrefixes']:
print(ap)
#andyknight, thanks for your direction. I'd up vote you but as I'm a noob, it doesn't permit from doing so.
I've taken the basis of your python script and added in some additional components.
I removed the print statement for the region name in the .txt file, as this is file is referenced by a firewall, which is looking for IP addresses.
I've added in Try/Except/Else for portion of the script, to identify if there is ever an error with reaching the URL, or other unspecified error. I've leveraged logging to send an email based on the status of the script. If an exception is thrown I get an email with traceback information, otherwise I receive an email advising the script was successful.
This writes out the specific prefixes for AU regions into a .txt file.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
import logging
import logging.handlers
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
smtp_handler = logging.handlers.SMTPHandler(mailhost=("sanitised.smtp[.]xyz", 25),
fromaddr="UpdateIPs#sanitised[.]xyz",
toaddrs="FriendlyAdmin#sanitised[.]xyz",
subject=u"Check Azure IP Script completion status.")
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logger = logging.getLogger()
logger.addHandler(smtp_handler)
namelist = ["AzureCloud.australiacentral", "AzureCloud.australiacentral2",
"AzureCloud.australiaeast", "AzureCloud.australiasoutheast"]
baseurl = 'https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/confirmation.aspx?id=56519'
with requests.Session() as session:
response = session.get(baseurl)
try:
response.raise_for_status()
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
downloadurl = soup.find('span', class_='file-link-view1').find('a')['href']
response = session.get(downloadurl)
response.raise_for_status()
json = response.json()
for n in json['values']:
if n['name'] in namelist:
for ap in n['properties']['addressPrefixes']:
with open('Check_Azure_IPs.txt', 'a') as file:
file.write(ap + "\n")
except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
logger.exception(
"URL is no longer valid, please check the URL that's defined in this script with MS, as this may have changed.\n\n")
except Exception as e:
logger.exception("Unknown error has occured, please review script")
else:
logger.info("Script has run successfully! Azure IPs have been updated.")
Please let me know if you think there is a better way to handle this, otherwise this is marked as answered. I appreciate your help greatly!
I've been tinkering with Python using Pythonista on my iPad. I decided to write a simple script that pulls song lyrics in Japanese from one website, and makes post requests to another website that basically annotates the lyrics with extra information.
When I use Python 2 and the module mechanize for the second website, everything works fine, but when I use Python 3 and requests, the resulting text is nonsense.
This is a minimal script that doesn't exhibit the issue:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import mechanize
def main():
# Get lyrics from first website (lyrical-nonsense.com)
url = 'https://www.lyrical-nonsense.com/lyrics/bump-of-chicken/hello-world/'
html_raw_lyrics = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url).text, "html5lib")
raw_lyrics = html_raw_lyrics.find("div", id="Lyrics").get_text()
# Use second website to anotate lyrics with fugigana
browser = mechanize.Browser()
browser.open('http://furigana.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi')
browser.select_form(nr=0)
browser.form['text'] = raw_lyrics
request = browser.submit()
# My actual script does more stuff at this point, but this snippet doesn't need it
annotated_lyrics = BeautifulSoup(request.read().decode('utf-8'), "html5lib").find("body").get_text()
print annotated_lyrics
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
The truncated output is:
扉(とびら)開(ひら)けば捻(ねじ)れた昼(ひる)の夜(よる)昨日(きのう)どうやって帰(かえ)った体(からだ)だけが確(たし)かおはよう これからまた迷子(まいご)の続(つづ)き見慣(みな)れた知(し)らない景色(けしき)の中(なか)でもう駄目(だめ)って思(おも)ってから わりと何(なん)だかやれている死(し)にきらないくらいに丈夫(じょうぶ)何(なに)かちょっと恥(は)ずかしいやるべきことは忘(わす)れていても解(わか)るそうしないと とても苦(くる)しいから顔(かお)を上(あ)げて黒(くろ)い目(め)の人(にん)君(くん)が見(み)たから光(ひかり)は生(う)まれた選(えら)んだ色(しょく)で塗(ぬ)った世界(せかい)に [...]
This is a minimal script that exhibits the issue:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
def main():
# Get lyrics from first website (lyrical-nonsense.com)
url = 'https://www.lyrical-nonsense.com/lyrics/bump-of-chicken/hello-world/'
html_raw_lyrics = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url).text, "html5lib")
raw_lyrics = html_raw_lyrics.find("div", id="Lyrics").get_text()
# Use second website to anotate lyrics with fugigana
url = 'http://furigana.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi'
data = {'text': raw_lyrics, 'state': 'output'}
html_annotated_lyrics = BeautifulSoup(requests.post(url, data=data).text, "html5lib")
annotated_lyrics = html_annotated_lyrics.find("body").get_text()
print(annotated_lyrics)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
whose truncated output is:
IQp{_<n(åiFcf0c_S`QLºKJoFSK~_÷PnMc_åjDorn-gFÄîcfcfKhU`KfD{kMjDOD+UKacheZKWDyMSho،fDfã]FWjDhhfæWDKTRfÒDînºL_KIo~_x`rgWc_Lkò~fxyjD·nsoiS`FTê`QLÒüíüLn [...]
It's worth noting that if I just try to get the HTML of the second request, like so:
# Use second website to anotate lyrics with fugigana
url = 'http://furigana.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi'
data = {'text': raw_lyrics, 'state': 'output'}
annotated_lyrics = requests.post(url, data=data).content.decode('utf-8')
A embedded null character error occurs when printing annotated_lyrics. This issue can be circumvented by passing truncated lyrics to the post requests. In the current example, only one character can be passed.
However, with
url = 'https://www.lyrical-nonsense.com/lyrics/aimer/brave-shine/'
I can pass up to 51 characters, like so:
data = {'text': raw_lyrics[0:51], 'state': 'output'}
before triggering the embedded null character error.
I've tried using urllib instead of requests, decoding and encoding to utf-8 the resulting HTML of the post request, or the data passed as an argument to this request. I've also checked that the encoding of the website is utf-8, which matches the encoding of the post requests:
r = requests.post(url, data=data)
print(r.encoding)
prints utf-8.
I think the problem has to do with how Python 3 is more strict in how it treats strings vs bytes, but I've been unable to pinpoint the exact cause.
While I'd appreciate a working code sample in Python 3, I'm more interested in what exactly I'm doing wrong, in what is the code doing that results in failure.
I'm able to get the lyrics properly with this code in python3.x:
url = 'https://www.lyrical-nonsense.com/lyrics/bump-of-chicken/hello-world/'
resp = requests.get(url)
print(BeautifulSoup(resp.text).find('div', class_='olyrictext').get_text())
Printing (truncated)
>>> BeautifulSoup(resp.text).find('div', class_='olyrictext').get_text()
'扉開けば\u3000捻れた昼の夜\r\n昨日どうやって帰った\u3000体だけ...'
A few things strike me as odd there, notably the \r\n (windows line ending) and \u3000 (IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE) but that's probably not the problem
The one thing I noticed that's odd about the form submission (and why the browser emulator probably succeeds) is the form is using multipart instead of urlencoded form data. (signified by enctype="multipart/form-data")
Sending multipart form data is a little bit strange in requests, I had to poke around a bit and eventually found this which helps show how to format the multipart data in a way that the backing server understands. To do this you have to abuse files but have a "None" filename. "for humans" hah!
url2 = 'http://furigana.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi'
resp2 = requests.post(url2, files={'text': (None, raw_lyrics), 'state': (None, 'output')})
And the text is not mangled now!
>>> BeautifulSoup(resp2.text).find('body').get_text()
'\n扉(とびら)開(ひら)けば捻(ねじ)れた昼(ひる)...'
(Note that this code should work in either python2 or python3)
I use Python's request library to access (public) ads.txt files:
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.sicurauto.it/ads.txt')
print(r.text)
This works fine in most cases, but the text from the URL above begins with some strange symbols:
> google.com, [...]
If I open the URL in my browser, I do not see these three symbols; the text begins with google.com, [...] I am a beginner when it comes to encodings and web protocols ... where might these odd symbols come from?
You need to specify your encoding (in r.encoding) before calling r.text:
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.sicurauto.it/ads.txt')
r.encoding = 'utf-8-sig' # specify UTF-8-sig encoding
print(r.text)
I'm new to Python, just get started with it today.
My system environment are Python 3.5 with some libraries on Windows10.
I want to extract football player data from site below as CSV file.
Problem: I can not extract data from soup.find_all('script')[17] to my expected CSV format. How to extract those data as I want ?
My code is shown as below.
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
req = Request('http://www.futhead.com/squad-building-challenges/squads/343', headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
webpage = urlopen(req).read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(webpage,'html.parser') #not sure if i need to use lxml
soup.find_all('script')[17] #My target data is in 17th
My expected output would be similar to this
position,slot_position,slug
ST,ST,paulo-henrique
LM,LM,mugdat-celik
As #josiah Swain said, it's not going to be pretty. For this sort of thing it's more recommended to use JS as it can understand what you have.
Saying that, python is awesome and here is you solution!
#Same imports as before
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
#And one more
import json
# The code you had
req = Request('http://www.futhead.com/squad-building-challenges/squads/343',
headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
webpage = urlopen(req).read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(webpage,'html.parser')
# Store the script
script = soup.find_all('script')[17]
# Extract the oneline that stores all that JSON
uncleanJson = [line for line in script.text.split('\n')
if line.lstrip().startswith('squad.register_players($.parseJSON') ][0]
# The easiest way to strip away all that yucky JS to get to the JSON
cleanJSON = uncleanJson.lstrip() \
.replace('squad.register_players($.parseJSON(\'', '') \
.replace('\'));','')
# Extract out that useful info
data = [ [p['position'],p['data']['slot_position'],p['data']['slug']]
for p in json.loads(cleanJSON)
if p['player'] is not None]
print('position,slot_position,slug')
for line in data:
print(','.join(line))
The result I get for copying and pasting this into python is:
position,slot_position,slug
ST,ST,paulo-henrique
LM,LM,mugdat-celik
CAM,CAM,soner-aydogdu
RM,RM,petar-grbic
GK,GK,fatih-ozturk
CDM,CDM,eray-ataseven
LB,LB,kadir-keles
CB,CB,caner-osmanpasa
CB,CB,mustafa-yumlu
RM,RM,ioan-adrian-hora
GK,GK,bora-kork
Edit: On reflection this is not the easiest code to read for a beginner. Here is a easier to read version
# ... All that previous code
script = soup.find_all('script')[17]
allScriptLines = script.text.split('\n')
uncleanJson = None
for line in allScriptLines:
# Remove left whitespace (makes it easier to parse)
cleaner_line = line.lstrip()
if cleaner_line.startswith('squad.register_players($.parseJSON'):
uncleanJson = cleaner_line
cleanJSON = uncleanJson.replace('squad.register_players($.parseJSON(\'', '').replace('\'));','')
print('position,slot_position,slug')
for player in json.loads(cleanJSON):
if player['player'] is not None:
print(player['position'],player['data']['slot_position'],player['data']['slug'])
So my understanding is that beautifulsoup is better for HTML parsing, but you are trying to parse javascript nested in the HTML.
So you have two options
Simply create a function that takes the result of soup.find_all('script')[17], loop and search the string manually for the data and extract it. You can even use ast.literal_eval(string_thats_really_a_dictionary) to make it even easier. This is may not be the best a approach but if you are new to python you might want to do it this just for practice.
Use the json library like in this example. or alternatively like this way. This is probably the better way to do.
I am working on a python web scraper to extract data from this webpage. It contains latin characters like ą, č, ę, ė, į, š, ų, ū, ž. I use BeautifulSoup to recognise the encoding:
def decode_html(html_string):
converted = UnicodeDammit(html_string)
print(converted.original_encoding)
if not converted.unicode_markup:
raise UnicodeDecodeError(
"Failed to detect encoding, tried [%s]",
', '.join(converted.tried_encodings))
return converted.unicode_markup
The encoding that it always seems to use is "windows-1252". However, this turns characters like ė into ë and ų into ø when printing to file or console. I use the lxml library to scrape the data. So I would think that it uses the wrong encoding, but what's odd is that if I use lxml.html.open_in_browser(decoded_html), all the characters are back to normal. How do I print the characters to a file without all the mojibake?
This is what I am using for output:
def write(filename, obj):
with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as output:
json.dump(obj, output, cls=CustomEncoder, ensure_ascii=False)
return
From the HTTP headers set on the specific webpage you tried to load:
Content-Type:text/html; charset=windows-1257
so Windows-1252 will result in invalid results. BeautifulSoup made a guess (based on statistical models), and guessed wrong. As you noticed, using 1252 instead leads to incorrect codepoints:
>>> 'ė'.encode('cp1257').decode('cp1252')
'ë'
>>> 'ų'.encode('cp1257').decode('cp1252')
'ø'
CP1252 is the fallback for the base characterset detection implementation in BeautifulSoup. You can improve the success-rate of BeautifulSoup's character-detection code by installing an external library; both chardet and cchardet are supported. These two libraries guess at MacCyrillic and ISO-8859-13, respectively (both wrong, but cchardet got pretty close, perhaps close enough).
In this specific case, you can make use of the HTTP headers instead. In requests, I generally use:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from bs4.dammit import EncodingDetector
resp = requests.get(url)
http_encoding = resp.encoding if 'charset' in resp.headers.get('content-type', '').lower() else None
html_encoding = EncodingDetector.find_declared_encoding(resp.content, is_html=True)
encoding = html_encoding or http_encoding
soup = BeautifulSoup(resp.content, 'lxml', from_encoding=encoding)
The above only uses the encoding from the response if explicitly set by the server, and there was no HTML <meta> header. For text/* mime-types, HTTP specifies that the response should be considered as using Latin-1, which requests adheres too, but that default would be incorrect for most HTML data.