I'm fairly new to the language and am wondering if it's possible to see the functions that are being used in a certain Python 3 module?
Specifically the ones in the "ipaddress" module, thanks!
Is this what you are looking for?
https://docs.python.org/3/library/ipaddress.html
Generally, this type of information can be found in the languages docs.
As mentioned by John in the comments, implementations can be found here:
http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/ipaddress.py
In addition to getting the source code online, if you have a standard Python install it should be already sitting in an easily found location on your hard-drive. In my case it is found as a file in C:\Python34\Lib. Needless to say, if you go this route you need to be careful to not modify (or, even worse, delete) the file.
Related
I'm doing a research project on detecting breaking changes from Python library upgrades. One of the steps is to extract the difference between two major versions of the same Python library by using static analysis(Coule be AST-based or not), in order to triage the pattern of change. The detection should not only find the difference from .py files, but also the difference from other project files including config files, resources, etc. Ideally, a scenario like if a .py file moved to another module should also be included. So I have two questions here:
Is there a tool that can do a similar job and also support flexible configuration for analysis?
If not, what will be the best strategy to search for that kind of difference and identify the category of this difference(e.g. variable, function, etc.)
Sorry, this might be a silly question, I'm not coming from a Python background, really running out of thoughts here. Any thoughts, ideas, and inputs are welcome. Thanks in advance.
Just spit balling some ideas here:
I don't think I'd be so concerned about detecting changes in the source files up front. There are a lot of ways to move code around among files without changing the interface to the module. For example you can put all of the code in __init__.py or, you can split it up into any number of files and subdirectories. However, the programmatic interface will stay the same.
Instead, you could use the dir() built-in to detect changes in the public classes and methods in the module. This will work well for libraries that used named arguments, but won't work well for functions which just use def func(*args, **kwargs) (this is why that should be avoided, all you former perl programmers!)
If the module uses the new type hinting, you can really get some mileage out of detecting change in types. If you use some tool that actually parses the python and infers types, that would work as well. I would guess VSCode probably contains such a library that it uses to give context-sensitive help.
I can't seem to find a good explanation of how to use Python modules. Take for example the urllib module. It has commands such as
req = urllib.request.Request().
How would I find out what specific commands, like this one, are in certain Python modules?
For all the examples I've seen of people using specific Python modules, they just know what to type, and how to use them.
Any suggestions will be much appreciated.
My flow chart looks something like this:
Reading the published documentation (or use help(moduleName) which gives you the same information without an internet connection in a harder to read format). This can be overly verbose if you're only looking for one tidbit of information, in which case I move on to...
Finding tutorials or similar stack overflow posts using specific keywords in your favorite search engine. This is generally the approach you will use 99% of the time.
Just recursively poking around with dir() and __doc__ if you think the answer for what you're looking for is going to be relatively obvious (usually if the module has relatively simple functions such as math that are obvious by the name)
Looking at the source of the module if you really want to see how things works.
What is the optimal way to get documentation about a specific function in Python? I am trying to download stock price data such that I can view it in my Spyder IDE.
The function I am interested in is:
ystockquote.get_historical_prices
How do I know how many inputs the function takes, the types of inputs it accepts, and the date format for example?
Just finding documentation
I suspect this question was super-downvoted because the obvious answer is to look at the documentation. It depends where your function came from, but googling is typically a good way to find it (I found the class here in a few seconds of googling).
It is also very trivialy to just check the source code
In order to import a function, you need to know where the source file it comes from is; open that file: in python, docstrings are what generate the documentation and can be found in triple-quotes beneath the function declaration. The arguments can be inferred from the function signature, but because python is dynamically typed, any type "requirements" are just suggestions. Some good documenters will provide the optimal types, too.
While "how do I google for documentation" is not a suitable question, the question of how to dynamically infer documentation is more reasonable. The answer is
The help function, built in here
The file __doc__ accessible on any python object, as a string
Using inspection
The question is even more reasonable if you are working with python extensions, like from external packages. I don't if the package you specifically asked about has any of those, but they can be tricky to work with if the authors haven't defined docstrings in the module. The problem is that in these cases, the typing can be rigidly inforced. There is no great way to get the tpye requirements in this case, as inspection will fail. If you can get at the source code, though, (perhaps by googling), this is where the documentation would be provided
Long story short, a piece of code that I'm working with at work has the line:
from System import System
with a later bit of code of:
desc_ = System()
xmlParser = Parser(desc_.getDocument())
# xmlParser.setEntityBase(self.dtdBase)
for featureXMLfile in featureXmlList.split(","):
print featureXMLfile
xmlParser.parse(featureXMLfile)
feat = desc_.get(featureName)
return feat
Parser is an XML parser in Java (it's included in a different import), but I don't get what the desc_ bit is doing. I mean obviously, it somehow holds the feature that we're trying to pull out, but I don't entirely see where. Is System a standard library in Python or Java, or am I looking at something custom?
Unfortunately, everyone else in my group is out for Christmas Eve vacation, so I can't ask them directly. Thank you for your help. I'm still not horribly familiar with Python.
This isn't from the standard library, so you'll need to check your system (Python has plenty of introspection to help you with that).
You can tell as Python modules in the standard library use lowercase names as per PEP-8, or by searching the library reference.
Note as well that Python has it's own XML parsing tools that will be much nicer to work with in Python than Java's.
Edit: As you have noted in the comments you are using Jython, it seems likely this is Java's System package.
millimoose indicated the correct answer in his comment, but neglected to submit it as an answer, so I'm posting to indicate the correct answer. It was indeed a custom module built by my company. I was able to determine this by typing import System; print(System) into the interpreter.
Which helpful static code analysis can you recommend for Python. I believe they are useful for refactoring code.
I know
snakefood for module dependencies
pycallgraph for dynamic call graphs
pylint for bugs
Are there static call analyzers? If I wanted to program a custom one, which would be the easiest way?
What other type of static code checks can you think of? Or maybe even some Python magic like ABCs?
EDIT: I've found that either using http://docs.python.org/3.3/library/ast.html or maybe even http://www.astroid.org/ can be used to program some custom parser. Then one can use graphviz to visualize or even PlantUML for UML graphs.
check out pychecker and pyflakes. There was a famous question to discuss the pylint-pychecker-or-pyflakes
this is a very powerful python type inferencer
https://github.com/yinwang0/pysonar2
it has strong bug check ability but it's not exposed through its interface, but I assume you could do many awesome checks based on it.
Not exactly "static code analyzer" but even a bit more:
http://code.google.com/p/shedskin/
Pysonar2 is a very nice implementation of abstract interpretation to type inference Python projects. My answer to another similar question is here.