Develop Reference

Censoring a txt file with python

Hi I could really use some help on a python project that I'm working on. Basically I have a list of banned words and I must go through a .txt file and search for these specific words and change them from their original form to a ***.
text_file = open('filename.txt','r')
text_file_read = text_file.readlines()
banned_words = ['is','activity', 'one']
words = []
i = 0
while i < len(text_file_read):
words.append(text_file_read[i].strip().lower().split())
i += 1
i = 0
while i < len(words):
if words[i] in banned_words:
words[i] = '*'*len(words[i])
i += 1
i = 0
text_file_write = open('filename.txt', 'w')
while i < len(text_file_read):
print(' '.join(words[i]), file = text_file_write)
i += 1
The expected output would be:
This **
********
***?
However its:
This is
activity
one?
Any help is greatly appreciated! I'm also trying not to use external libraries as well

I cannot solve this for you (haven't touched python in a while), but the best debugging tip I can offer is: print everything. Take the first loop, print every iteration, or print what "words" is afterwards. It will give you an insight on what's going wrong, and once you know what is working in an unexpected way, you can search how you can fix it.
Also, if you're just starting, avoid concatenating methods. It ends up a bit unreadable, and you can't see what each method is doing. In my opinion at least, it's better to have 30 lines of readable and easy-to-understand code, than 5 that take some brain power to understand.
Good luck!

A simpler way if you just need to print it
banned_words = ['is','activity', 'one']
output = ""
f = open('filename.txt','r')
for line in f:
for word in line.rsplit():
if not word in banned_words:
output += word + " "
else:
output += "*"*len(word) + " "
output += "\n"
print(output)

How to remove dash/ hyphen from each line in .txt file

I wrote a little program to turn pages from book scans to a .txt file. On some lines, words are moved to another line. I wonder if this is any way to remove the dashes and merge them with the syllables in the line below?
E.g.:
effects on the skin is fully under-
stood one fights
to:
effects on the skin is fully understood
one fights
or:
effects on the skin is fully
understood one fights
Or something like that. As long as it was connected. Python is my third language and so far I can't think of anything, so maybe someone will give mea hint.
Edit:
The point is that the last symbol, if it is a dash, is removed and merged with the rest of the word below

This is a generator which takes the input line-by-line. If it ends with a - it extracts the last word and holds it over for the next line. It then yields any held-over word from the previous line combined with the current line.
To combine the results back into a single block of text, you can join it against the line separator of your choice:
source = """effects on the skin is fully under-
stood one fights
check-out Daft Punk's new sin-
le "Get Lucky" if you hav-
e the chance. Sound of the sum-
mer."""
def reflow(text):
holdover = ""
for line in text.splitlines():
if line.endswith("-"):
lin, _, e = line.rpartition(" ")
else:
lin, e = line, ""
yield f"{holdover}{lin}"
holdover = e[:-1]
print("\n".join(reflow(source)))
""" which is:
effects on the skin is fully
understood one fights
check-out Daft Punk's new
single "Get Lucky" if you
have the chance. Sound of the
summer.
"""
To read one file line-by-line and write directly to a new file:
def reflow(infile, outfile):
with open(infile) as source, open(outfile, "w") as dest:
holdover = ""
for line in source.readlines():
line = line.rstrip("\n")
if line.endswith("-"):
lin, _, e = line.rpartition(" ")
else:
lin, e = line, ""
dest.write(f"{holdover}{lin}\n")
holdover = e[:-1]
if __name__ == "__main__":
reflow("source.txt", "dest.txt")

Here is one way to do it
with open('test.txt') as file:
combined_strings = []
merge_line = False
for item in file:
item = item.replace('\n', '') # remove new line character at end of line
if '-' in item[-1]: # check that it is the last character
merge_line = True
combined_strings.append(item[:-1])
elif merge_line:
merge_line = False
combined_strings[-1] = combined_strings[-1] + item
else:
combined_strings.append(item)

If you just parse the line as a string then you can utilize the .split() function to move around these kinds of items
words = "effects on the skin is fully under-\nstood one fights"
#splitting among the newlines
wordsSplit = words.split("\n")
#splitting among the word spaces
for i in range(len(wordsSplit)):
wordsSplit[i] = wordsSplit[i].split(" ")
#checking for the end of line hyphens
for i in range(len(wordsSplit)):
for g in range(len(wordsSplit[i])):
if "-" in wordsSplit[i][g]:
#setting the new word in the list and removing the hyphen
wordsSplit[i][g] = wordsSplit[i][g][0:-1]+wordsSplit[i+1][0]
wordsSplit[i+1][0] = ""
#recreating the string
msg = ""
for i in range(len(wordsSplit)):
for g in range(len(wordsSplit[i])):
if wordsSplit[i][g] != "":
msg += wordsSplit[i][g]+" "
What this does is split by the newlines which are where the hyphens usually occur. Then it splits those into a smaller array by word. Then checks for the hyphens and if it finds one it replaces it with the next phrase in the words list and sets that word to nothing. Finally, it reconstructs the string into a variable called msg where it doesn't add a space if the value in the split array is a nothing string.

What about
import re
a = '''effects on the skin is fully under-
stood one fights'''
re.sub(r'-~([a-zA-Z0-9]*) ', r'\1\n', a.replace('\n', '~')).replace('~','\n')
Explanation
a.replace('\n', '~') concatenate input string into one line with (~ instead of \n - You need to choose some other if you want to use ~ char in the text.)
-~([a-zA-Z0-9]*) regex then selects all strings we want to alter with the () backreference which saves it to re.sub memory. Using '\1\n' it is later re-invoked.
.replace('~','\n') finally replaces all remaining ~ chars to newlines.

Split sentences, process words, and put sentence back together?

I have a function that scores words. I have lots of text from sentences to several page documents. I'm stuck on how to score the words and return the text near its original state.
Here's an example sentence:
"My body lies over the ocean, my body lies over the sea."
What I want to produce is the following:
"My body (2) lies over the ocean (3), my body (2) lies over the sea."
Below is a dummy version of my scoring algorithm. I've figured out how to take text, tear it apart and score it.
However, I'm stuck on how to put it back together into the format I need it in.
Here's a dummy version of my function:
def word_score(text):
words_to_work_with = []
words_to_return = []
passed_text = TextBlob(passed_text)
for word in words_to_work_with:
word = word.singularize().lower()
word = str(word)
e_word_lemma = lemmatizer.lemmatize(word)
words_to_work_with.append(e_word_lemma)
for word in words to work with:
if word == 'body':
score = 2
if word == 'ocean':
score = 3
else:
score = None
words_to_return.append((word,score))
return words_to_return
I'm a relative newbie so I have two questions:
How can I put the text back together, and
Should that logic be put into the function or outside of it?
I'd really like to be able to feed entire segments (i.e. sentences, documents) into the function and have it return them.
Thank you for helping me!

So basically, you want to attribute a score for each word. The function you give may be improved using a dictionary instead of several if statements.
Also you have to return all scores, instead of just the score of the first wordin words_to_work_with which is the current behavior of the function since it will return an integer on the first iteration.
So the new function would be :
def word_score(text)
words_to_work_with = []
passed_text = TextBlob(text)
for word in words_to_work_with:
word = word.singularize().lower()
word = str(word) # Is this line really useful ?
e_word_lemma = lemmatizer.lemmatize(word)
words_to_work_with.append(e_word_lemma)
dict_scores = {'body' : 2, 'ocean' : 3, etc ...}
return [dict_scores.get(word, None)] # if word is not recognized, score is None
For the second part, which is reconstructing the string, I would actually do this in the same function (so this answers your second question) :
def word_score_and_reconstruct(text):
words_to_work_with = []
passed_text = TextBlob(text)
reconstructed_text = ''
for word in words_to_work_with:
word = word.singularize().lower()
word = str(word) # Is this line really useful ?
e_word_lemma = lemmatizer.lemmatize(word)
words_to_work_with.append(e_word_lemma)
dict_scores = {'body': 2, 'ocean': 3}
dict_strings = {'body': ' (2)', 'ocean': ' (3)'}
word_scores = []
for word in words_to_work_with:
word_scores.append(dict_scores.get(word, None)) # we still construct the scores list here
# we add 'word'+'(word's score)', only if the word has a score
# if not, we add the default value '' meaning we don't add anything
reconstructed_text += word + dict_strings.get(word, '')
return reconstructed_text, word_scores
I'm not guaranteeing this code will work at first try, I can't test it but it'll give you the main idea

Hope this would help. Based on your question, it has worked for me.
best regards!!
"""
Python 3.7.2
Input:
Saved text in the file named as "original_text.txt"
My body lies over the ocean, my body lies over the sea.
"""
input_file = open('original_text.txt', 'r') #Reading text from file
output_file = open('processed_text.txt', 'w') #saving output text in file
output_text = []
for line in input_file:
words = line.split()
for word in words:
if word == 'body':
output_text.append('body (2)')
output_file.write('body (2) ')
elif word == 'body,':
output_text.append('body (2),')
output_file.write('body (2), ')
elif word == 'ocean':
output_text.append('ocean (3)')
output_file.write('ocean (3) ')
elif word == 'ocean,':
output_text.append('ocean (3),')
output_file.write('ocean (3), ')
else:
output_text.append(word)
output_file.write(word+' ')
print (output_text)
input_file.close()
output_file.close()

Here's a working implementation. The function first parses the input text as a list, such that each list element is a word or a combination of punctuation characters (eg. a comma followed by a space.) Once the words in the list have been processed, it combines the list back into a string and returns it.
def word_score(text):
words_to_work_with = re.findall(r"\b\w+|\b\W+",text)
for i,word in enumerate(words_to_work_with):
if word.isalpha():
words_to_work_with[i] = inflection.singularize(word).lower()
words_to_work_with[i] = lemmatizer.lemmatize(word)
if word == 'body':
words_to_work_with[i] = 'body (2)'
elif word == 'ocean':
words_to_work_with[i] = 'ocean (3)'
return ''.join(words_to_work_with)
txt = "My body lies over the ocean, my body lies over the sea."
output = word_score(txt)
print(output)
Output:
My body (2) lie over the ocean (3), my body (2) lie over the sea.
If you have more than 2 words that you want to score, using a dictionary instead of if conditions is indeed a good idea.

KeyError on the same word

I am trying to generate a sentence in the style of the bible. But whenever I run it, it stops at a KeyError on the same exact word. This is confusing as it is only using its own keys and it is the same word every time in the error, despite having random.choice.
This is the txt file if you want to run it: ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/cs226/textfiles/bible.txt
import random
files = []
content = ""
output = ""
words = {}
files = ["bible.txt"]
sentence_length = 200
for file in files:
file = open(file)
content = content + " " + file.read()
content = content.split(" ")
for i in range(100): # I didn't want to go through every word in the bible, so I'm just going through 100 words
words[content[i]] = []
words[content[i]].append(content[i+1])
word = random.choice(list(words.keys()))
output = output + word
for i in range(int(sentence_length)):
word = random.choice(words[word])
output = output + word
print(output)

The KeyError happens on this line:
word = random.choice(words[word])
It always happens for the word "midst".
How? "midst" is the 100th word in the text.
And the 100th position is the first time it is seen.
The consequence is that "midst" itself was never put in words as a key.
Hence the KeyError.
Why does the program reach this word so fast? Partly because of a bug here:
for i in range(100):
words[content[i]] = []
words[content[i]].append(content[i+1])
The bug here is the words[content[i]] = [] statement.
Every time you see a word,
you recreate an empty list for it.
And the word before "midst" is "the".
It's a very common word,
many other words in the text have "the".
And since words["the"] is ["midst"],
the problem tends to happen a lot, despite the randomness.
You can fix the bug of creating words:
for i in range(100):
if content[i] not in words:
words[content[i]] = []
words[content[i]].append(content[i+1])
And then when you select words randomly,
I suggest to add a if word in words condition,
to handle the corner case of the last word in the input.

"midst" is the 101st word in your source text and it is the first time it shows up. When you do this:
words[content[i]].append(content[i+1])
you are making a key:value pair but you aren't guaranteed that that value is going to be equivalent to an existing key. So when you use that value to search for a key it doesn't exist so you get a KeyError.
If you change your range to 101 instead of 100 you will see that your program almost works. That is because the 102nd word is "of" which has already occurred in your source text.
It's up to you how you want to deal with this edge case. You could do something like this:
if i == (100-1):
words[content[i]].append(content[0])
else:
words[content[i]].append(content[i+1])
which basically loops back around to the beginning of the source text when you get to the end.

output differences between 2 texts when lines are dissimilar

I am relatively new to Python so apologies in advance for sounding a bit ditzy sometimes. I'll try took google and attempt your tips as much as I can before asking even more questions.
Here is my situation: I am working with R and stylometry to find out the (likely) authorship of a text. What I'd like to do is see if there is a difference in the stylometry of a novel in the second edition, after one of the (assumed) co-authors died and therefore could not have contributed. In order to research that I need
Text edition 1
Text edition 2
and for python to output
words that appear in text 1 but not in text 2
words that appear in text 2 but not in text 1
And I would like to have the words each time they appear so not just 'the' once, but every time the program encounters it when it differs from the first edition (yep I know I'm asking for a lot sorry)
I have tried approaching this via
file1 = open("FRANKENST18.txt", "r")
file2 = open("FRANKENST31.txt", "r")
file3 = open("frankoutput.txt", "w")
list1 = file1.readlines()
list2 = file2.readlines()
file3.write("here: \n")
for i in list1:
for j in list2:
if i==j:
file3.write(i)
but of course this doesn't work because the texts are two giant balls of texts and not separate lines that can be compared, plus the first text has far more lines than the second one. Is there a way to go from lines to 'words' or the text in general to overcome that? Can I put an entire novel in a string lol? I assume not.
I have also attempted to use difflib, but I've only started coding a few weeks ago and I find it quite complicated. For example, I used fraxel's script as a base for:
from difflib import Differ
s1 = open("FRANKENST18.txt", "r")
s1 = open("FRANKENST31.txt", "r")
def appendBoldChanges(s1, s2):
#"Adds <b></b> tags to words that are changed"
l1 = s1.split(' ')
l2 = s2.split(' ')
dif = list(Differ().compare(l1, l2))
return " ".join(['<b>'+i[2:]+'</b>' if i[:1] == '+' else i[2:] for i in dif
if not i[:1] in '-?'])
print appendBoldChanges
but I couldn't get it to work.
So my question is is there any way to output the differences between texts that are not similar in lines like this? It sounded quite do-able but I've greatly underestimated how difficult I found Python haha.
Thanks for reading, any help is appreciated!
EDIT: posting my current code just in case it might help fellow learners that are googling for answers:
file1 = open("1stein.txt")
originaltext1 = file1.read()
wordlist1={}
import string
text1 = [x.strip(string.punctuation) for x in originaltext1.split()]
text1 = [x.lower() for x in text1]
for word1 in text1:
if word1 not in wordlist1:
wordlist1[word1] = 1
else:
wordlist1[word1] += 1
for k,v in sorted(wordlist1.items()):
#print "%s %s" % (k, v)
col1 = ("%s %s" % (k, v))
print col1
file2 = open("2stein.txt")
originaltext2 = file2.read()
wordlist2={}
import string
text2 = [x.strip(string.punctuation) for x in originaltext2.split()]
text2 = [x.lower() for x in text2]
for word2 in text2:
if word2 not in wordlist2:
wordlist2[word2] = 1
else:
wordlist2[word2] += 1
for k,v in sorted(wordlist2.items()):
#print "%s %s" % (k, v)
col2 = ("%s %s" % (k, v))
print col2
what I hope still to edit and output is something like this:
using the dictionaries' key and value system (applied to col1 and col2): {apple 3, bridge 7, chair 5} - {apple 1, bridge 9, chair 5} = {apple 2, bridge -2, chair 5}?

You want to output:
words that appear in text 1 but not in text 2
words that appear in
text 2 but not in text 1
Interesting. A set difference is what you need.
import re
s1 = open("FRANKENST18.txt", "r").read()
s1 = open("FRANKENST31.txt", "r").read()
words_s1 = re.findall("[A-Za-z]",s1)
words_s2 = re.findall("[A-Za-z]",s2)
set_s1 = set(words_s1)
set_s2 = set(words_s2)
words_in_s1_but_not_in_s2 = set_s1 - set_s2
words_in_s2_but_not_in_s1 = set_s2 - set_s1
words_in_s1 = '\n'.join(words_in_s1_but_not_in_s2)
words_in_s2 = '\n'.join(words_in_s2_but_not_in_s1)
with open("s1_output","w") as s1_output:
s1_output.write(words_in_s1)
with open("s2_output","w") as s2_output:
s2_output.write(words_in_s2)

Let me know if this isn't exactly what you're looking for, but it seems like you want to iterate through lines of a file, which you can do very easily in python. Here's an example, where I omit the newline character at the end of each line, and add the lines to a list:
f = open("filename.txt", 'r')
lines = []
for line in f:
lines.append(f[:-1])
Hope this helps!

I'm not completely sure if you're trying to compare the differences in words as they occur or lines as they occur, however one way you could do this is by using a dictionary. If you want to see which lines change you could split the lines on periods by doing something like:
text = 'this is a sentence. this is another sentence.'
sentences = text.split('.')
This will split the string you have (which contains the entire text I assume) on the periods and will return an array (or list) of all the sentences.
You can then create a dictionary with dict = {}, loop over each sentence in the previously created array, make it a key in the dictionary with a corresponding value (could be anything since most sentences probably don't occur more than once). After doing this for the first version you can go through the second version and check which sentences are the same. Here is some code that will give you a start (assuming version1 contains all the sentences from the first version):
for sentence in version1:
dict[sentence] = 1 #put a counter for e
You can then loop over the second version and check if the same sentence is found in the first, with something like:
for sentence in version2:
if sentence in dict: #if the sentence is in the dictionary
pass
#or do whatever you want here
else: #if the sentence isn't
print(sentence)
Again not sure if this is what you're looking for but hope it helps