I am getting a response from the rest is an Epoch time format like
start_time = 1234566
end_time = 1234578
I want to convert that epoch seconds in MySQL format time so that I could store the differences in my MySQL database.
I tried:
>>> import time
>>> time.gmtime(123456)
time.struct_time(tm_year=1970, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=2, tm_hour=10, tm_min=17, tm_sec=36, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=2, tm_isdst=0)
The above result is not what I am expecting. I want it be like
2012-09-12 21:00:00
Please suggest how can I achieve this?
Also,
Why I am getting TypeError: a float is required for
>>> getbbb_class.end_time = 1347516459425
>>> mend = time.gmtime(getbbb_class.end_time).tm_hour
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: a float is required
To convert your time value (float or int) to a formatted string, use:
import time
time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(1347517370))
For example:
import time
my_time = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(1347517370))
print(my_time)
You can also use datetime:
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1347517370).strftime('%c')
'2012-09-13 02:22:50'
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1347517370).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
'2012-09-13 14:22:50' # Local time
To get UTC:
>>> datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1347517370).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
'2012-09-13 06:22:50'
This is what you need
In [1]: time.time()
Out[1]: 1347517739.44904
In [2]: time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.gmtime(time.time()))
Out[2]: '2012-09-13 06:31:43'
Please input a float instead of an int and that other TypeError should go away.
mend = time.gmtime(float(getbbb_class.end_time)).tm_hour
Try this:
>>> import time
>>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.gmtime(1347517119))
'2012-09-12 23:18:39'
Also in MySQL, you can FROM_UNIXTIME like:
INSERT INTO tblname VALUES (FROM_UNIXTIME(1347517119))
For your 2nd question, it is probably because getbbb_class.end_time is a string. You can convert it to numeric like: float(getbbb_class.end_time)
If you have epoch in milliseconds a possible solution is convert to seconds:
import time
time.ctime(milliseconds/1000)
For more time functions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#functions
#This adds 10 seconds from now.
from datetime import datetime
import commands
date_string_command="date +%s"
utc = commands.getoutput(date_string_command)
a_date=datetime.fromtimestamp(float(int(utc))).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
print('a_date:'+a_date)
utc = int(utc)+10
b_date=datetime.fromtimestamp(float(utc)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
print('b_date:'+b_date)
This is a little more wordy but it comes from date command in unix.
First a bit of info in epoch from man gmtime
The ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() functions all take an argument of data type time_t which represents calendar time. When inter-
preted as an absolute time value, it represents the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC).
to understand how epoch should be.
>>> time.time()
1347517171.6514659
>>> time.gmtime(time.time())
(2012, 9, 13, 6, 19, 34, 3, 257, 0)
just ensure the arg you are passing to time.gmtime() is integer.
Sharing an answer to clearly distinguish UTC and local time conversions. Use import datetime at the top before using the below methods.
Convert to datetime of local machine's timezone
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1347517370)
Convert to datetime of UTC timezone
datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1347517370)
For both the above methods, if you wish to return a formatted date string, use the following code block
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1347517370).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1347517370).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
# parses some string into that format.
datetime1 = datetime.strptime(somestring, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
# gets the seconds from the above date.
timestamp1 = time.mktime(datetime1.timetuple())
# adds milliseconds to the above seconds.
timeInMillis = int(timestamp1) * 1000
How do I (at any point in that code) turn the date into UTC format? I've been ploughing through the API for what seems like a century and cannot find anything that I can get working. Can anyone help? It's currently turning it into Eastern time i believe (however I'm in GMT but want UTC).
EDIT: I gave the answer to the guy with the closest to what I finally found out.
datetime1 = datetime.strptime(somestring, someformat)
timeInSeconds = calendar.timegm(datetime1.utctimetuple())
timeInMillis = timeInSeconds * 1000
:)
datetime.utcfromtimestamp is probably what you're looking for:
>>> timestamp1 = time.mktime(datetime.now().timetuple())
>>> timestamp1
1256049553.0
>>> datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp1)
datetime.datetime(2009, 10, 20, 14, 39, 13)
I think you can use the utcoffset() method:
utc_time = datetime1 - datetime1.utcoffset()
The docs give an example of this using the astimezone() method here.
Additionally, if you're going to be dealing with timezones, you might want to look into the PyTZ library which has lots of helpful tools for converting datetime's into various timezones (including between EST and UTC)
With PyTZ:
from datetime import datetime
import pytz
utc = pytz.utc
eastern = pytz.timezone('US/Eastern')
# Using datetime1 from the question
datetime1 = datetime.strptime(somestring, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
# First, tell Python what timezone that string was in (you said Eastern)
eastern_time = eastern.localize(datetime1)
# Then convert it from Eastern to UTC
utc_time = eastern_time.astimezone(utc)
def getDateAndTime(seconds=None):
"""
Converts seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing UTC.
When 'seconds' is not passed in, convert the current time instead.
:Parameters:
- `seconds`: time in seconds from the epoch.
:Return:
Time in UTC format.
"""
return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime(seconds))`
This converts local time to UTC
time.mktime(time.localtime(calendar.timegm(utc_time)))
http://feihonghsu.blogspot.com/2008/02/converting-from-local-time-to-utc.html
If converting a struct_time to seconds-since-the-epoch is done using mktime, this
conversion is in local timezone. There's no way to tell it to use any specific timezone, not even just UTC. The standard 'time' package always assumes that a time is in your local timezone.
You probably want one of these two:
import time
import datetime
from email.Utils import formatdate
rightnow = time.time()
utc = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(rightnow)
print utc
print formatdate(rightnow)
The two outputs look like this
2009-10-20 14:46:52.725000
Tue, 20 Oct 2009 14:46:52 -0000
How do I get the current time?
Use datetime:
>>> import datetime
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 6, 15, 8, 24, 78915)
>>> print(now)
2009-01-06 15:08:24.789150
For just the clock time without the date:
>>> now.time()
datetime.time(15, 8, 24, 78915)
>>> print(now.time())
15:08:24.789150
To save typing, you can import the datetime object from the datetime module:
>>> from datetime import datetime
Then remove the prefix datetime. from all of the above.
Use time.strftime():
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", gmtime())
'2009-01-05 22:14:39'
from datetime import datetime
datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
Example output: '2013-09-18 11:16:32'
See list of strftime directives.
Similar to Harley's answer, but use the str() function for a quick-n-dirty, slightly more human readable format:
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> str(datetime.now())
'2011-05-03 17:45:35.177000'
How do I get the current time in Python?
The time module
The time module provides functions that tell us the time in "seconds since the epoch" as well as other utilities.
import time
Unix Epoch Time
This is the format you should get timestamps in for saving in databases. It is a simple floating-point number that can be converted to an integer. It is also good for arithmetic in seconds, as it represents the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970, 00:00:00, and it is memory light relative to the other representations of time we'll be looking at next:
>>> time.time()
1424233311.771502
This timestamp does not account for leap-seconds, so it's not linear - leap seconds are ignored. So while it is not equivalent to the international UTC standard, it is close, and therefore quite good for most cases of record-keeping.
This is not ideal for human scheduling, however. If you have a future event you wish to take place at a certain point in time, you'll want to store that time with a string that can be parsed into a datetime object or a serialized datetime object (these will be described later).
time.ctime
You can also represent the current time in the way preferred by your operating system (which means it can change when you change your system preferences, so don't rely on this to be standard across all systems, as I've seen others expect). This is typically user friendly, but doesn't typically result in strings one can sort chronologically:
>>> time.ctime()
'Tue Feb 17 23:21:56 2015'
You can hydrate timestamps into human readable form with ctime as well:
>>> time.ctime(1424233311.771502)
'Tue Feb 17 23:21:51 2015'
This conversion is also not good for record-keeping (except in text that will only be parsed by humans - and with improved Optical Character Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, I think the number of these cases will diminish).
datetime module
The datetime module is also quite useful here:
>>> import datetime
datetime.datetime.now
The datetime.now is a class method that returns the current time. It uses the time.localtime without the timezone info (if not given, otherwise see timezone aware below). It has a representation (which would allow you to recreate an equivalent object) echoed on the shell, but when printed (or coerced to a str), it is in human readable (and nearly ISO) format, and the lexicographic sort is equivalent to the chronological sort:
>>> datetime.datetime.now()
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 17, 23, 43, 49, 94252)
>>> print(datetime.datetime.now())
2015-02-17 23:43:51.782461
datetime's utcnow
You can get a datetime object in UTC time, a global standard, by doing this:
>>> datetime.datetime.utcnow()
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 18, 4, 53, 28, 394163)
>>> print(datetime.datetime.utcnow())
2015-02-18 04:53:31.783988
UTC is a time standard that is nearly equivalent to the GMT timezone. (While GMT and UTC do not change for Daylight Savings Time, their users may switch to other timezones, like British Summer Time, during the Summer.)
datetime timezone aware
However, none of the datetime objects we've created so far can be easily converted to various timezones. We can solve that problem with the pytz module:
>>> import pytz
>>> then = datetime.datetime.now(pytz.utc)
>>> then
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 18, 4, 55, 58, 753949, tzinfo=<UTC>)
Equivalently, in Python 3 we have the timezone class with a utc timezone instance attached, which also makes the object timezone aware (but to convert to another timezone without the handy pytz module is left as an exercise to the reader):
>>> datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 18, 22, 31, 56, 564191, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
And we see we can easily convert to timezones from the original UTC object.
>>> print(then)
2015-02-18 04:55:58.753949+00:00
>>> print(then.astimezone(pytz.timezone('US/Eastern')))
2015-02-17 23:55:58.753949-05:00
You can also make a naive datetime object aware with the pytz timezone localize method, or by replacing the tzinfo attribute (with replace, this is done blindly), but these are more last resorts than best practices:
>>> pytz.utc.localize(datetime.datetime.utcnow())
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 18, 6, 6, 29, 32285, tzinfo=<UTC>)
>>> datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=pytz.utc)
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 18, 6, 9, 30, 728550, tzinfo=<UTC>)
The pytz module allows us to make our datetime objects timezone aware and convert the times to the hundreds of timezones available in the pytz module.
One could ostensibly serialize this object for UTC time and store that in a database, but it would require far more memory and be more prone to error than simply storing the Unix Epoch time, which I demonstrated first.
The other ways of viewing times are much more error-prone, especially when dealing with data that may come from different time zones. You want there to be no confusion as to which timezone a string or serialized datetime object was intended for.
If you're displaying the time with Python for the user, ctime works nicely, not in a table (it doesn't typically sort well), but perhaps in a clock. However, I personally recommend, when dealing with time in Python, either using Unix time, or a timezone aware UTC datetime object.
Do
from time import time
t = time()
t - float number, good for time interval measurement.
There is some difference for Unix and Windows platforms.
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %X +0000", gmtime())
'Tue, 06 Jan 2009 04:54:56 +0000'
That outputs the current GMT in the specified format. There is also a localtime() method.
This page has more details.
The previous answers are all good suggestions, but I find it easiest to use ctime():
In [2]: from time import ctime
In [3]: ctime()
Out[3]: 'Thu Oct 31 11:40:53 2013'
This gives a nicely formatted string representation of the current local time.
The quickest way is:
>>> import time
>>> time.strftime("%Y%m%d")
'20130924'
If you need current time as a time object:
>>> import datetime
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> datetime.time(now.hour, now.minute, now.second)
datetime.time(11, 23, 44)
You can use the time module:
>>> import time
>>> print(time.strftime("%d/%m/%Y"))
06/02/2015
The use of the capital Y gives the full year, and using y would give 06/02/15.
You could also use the following code to give a more lengthy time:
>>> time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S")
'Fri, 06 Feb 2015 17:45:09'
.isoformat() is in the documentation, but not yet here
(this is mighty similar to #Ray Vega's answer):
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
'2013-06-24T20:35:55.982000'
Why not ask the U.S. Naval Observatory, the official timekeeper of the United States Navy?
import requests
from lxml import html
page = requests.get('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl')
tree = html.fromstring(page.content)
print(tree.xpath('//html//body//h3//pre/text()')[1])
If you live in the D.C. area (like me) the latency might not be too bad...
Using pandas to get the current time, kind of overkilling the problem at hand:
import pandas as pd
print(pd.datetime.now())
print(pd.datetime.now().date())
print(pd.datetime.now().year)
print(pd.datetime.now().month)
print(pd.datetime.now().day)
print(pd.datetime.now().hour)
print(pd.datetime.now().minute)
print(pd.datetime.now().second)
print(pd.datetime.now().microsecond)
Output:
2017-09-22 12:44:56.092642
2017-09-22
2017
9
22
12
44
56
92693
if you are using numpy already then directly you can use numpy.datetime64()
function.
import numpy as np
str(np.datetime64('now'))
for only date:
str(np.datetime64('today'))
or, if you are using pandas already then you can use pandas.to_datetime() function
import pandas as pd
str(pd.to_datetime('now'))
or,
str(pd.to_datetime('today'))
This is what I ended up going with:
>>>from time import strftime
>>>strftime("%m/%d/%Y %H:%M")
01/09/2015 13:11
Also, this table is a necessary reference for choosing the appropriate format codes to get the date formatted just the way you want it (from Python "datetime" documentation here).
datetime.now() returns the current time as a naive datetime object that represents time in the local timezone. That value may be ambiguous e.g., during DST transitions ("fall back"). To avoid ambiguity either UTC timezone should be used:
from datetime import datetime
utc_time = datetime.utcnow()
print(utc_time) # -> 2014-12-22 22:48:59.916417
Or a timezone-aware object that has the corresponding timezone info attached (Python 3.2+):
from datetime import datetime, timezone
now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).astimezone()
print(now) # -> 2014-12-23 01:49:25.837541+03:00
import datetime
date_time = datetime.datetime.now()
date = date_time.date() # Gives the date
time = date_time.time() # Gives the time
print date.year, date.month, date.day
print time.hour, time.minute, time.second, time.microsecond
Do dir(date) or any variables including the package. You can get all the attributes and methods associated with the variable.
>>> import datetime, time
>>> time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S:%MS", time.localtime())
>>> print time
'00:21:38:20S'
This question doesn't need a new answer just for the sake of it ... a shiny new-ish toy/module, however, is enough justification. That being the Pendulum library, which appears to do the sort of things which arrow attempted, except without the inherent flaws and bugs which beset arrow.
For instance, the answer to the original question:
>>> import pendulum
>>> print(pendulum.now())
2018-08-14T05:29:28.315802+10:00
>>> print(pendulum.now('utc'))
2018-08-13T19:29:35.051023+00:00
There's a lot of standards which need addressing, including multiple RFCs and ISOs, to worry about. Ever get them mixed up; not to worry, take a little look into dir(pendulum.constants) There's a bit more than RFC and ISO formats there, though.
When we say local, though what do we mean? Well I mean:
>>> print(pendulum.now().timezone_name)
Australia/Melbourne
>>>
Presumably most of the rest of you mean somewhere else.
And on it goes. Long story short: Pendulum attempts to do for date and time what requests did for HTTP. It's worth consideration, particularly for both its ease of use and extensive documentation.
By default, now() function returns output in the YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS:MS format. Use the below sample script to get the current date and time in a Python script and print results on the screen. Create file getDateTime1.py with the below content.
import datetime
currentDT = datetime.datetime.now()
print (str(currentDT))
The output looks like below:
2018-03-01 17:03:46.759624
Try the arrow module from http://crsmithdev.com/arrow/:
import arrow
arrow.now()
Or the UTC version:
arrow.utcnow()
To change its output, add .format():
arrow.utcnow().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss ZZ')
For a specific timezone:
arrow.now('US/Pacific')
An hour ago:
arrow.utcnow().replace(hours=-1)
Or if you want the gist.
arrow.get('2013-05-11T21:23:58.970460+00:00').humanize()
>>> '2 years ago'
Current time of a timezone
from datetime import datetime
import pytz
tz_NY = pytz.timezone('America/New_York')
datetime_NY = datetime.now(tz_NY)
print("NY time:", datetime_NY.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))
tz_London = pytz.timezone('Europe/London')
datetime_London = datetime.now(tz_London)
print("London time:", datetime_London.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))
tz_India = pytz.timezone('Asia/India')
datetime_India = datetime.now(tz_India)
print("India time:", datetime_India.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))
#list timezones
pytz.all_timezones
To get exactly 3 decimal points for milliseconds 11:34:23.751 run this:
def get_time_str(decimal_points=3):
return time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime()) + '.%d' % (time.time() % 1 * 10**decimal_points)
More context:
I want to get the time with milliseconds. A simple way to get them:
import time, datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now().time()) # 11:20:08.272239
# Or in a more complicated way
print(datetime.datetime.now().time().isoformat()) # 11:20:08.272239
print(datetime.datetime.now().time().strftime('%H:%M:%S.%f')) # 11:20:08.272239
# But do not use this:
print(time.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f", time.localtime()), str) # 11:20:08.%f
But I want only milliseconds, right? The shortest way to get them:
import time
time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime()) + '.%d' % (time.time() % 1 * 1000)
# 11:34:23.751
Add or remove zeroes from the last multiplication to adjust number of decimal points, or just:
def get_time_str(decimal_points=3):
return time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime()) + '.%d' % (time.time() % 1 * 10**decimal_points)
If you just want the current timestamp in ms (for example, to measure execution time), you can also use the "timeit" module:
import timeit
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
do_stuff_you_want_to_measure()
end_time = timeit.default_timer()
print("Elapsed time: {}".format(end_time - start_time))
You can use this function to get the time (unfortunately it doesn't say AM or PM):
def gettime():
from datetime import datetime
return ((str(datetime.now())).split(' ')[1]).split('.')[0]
To get the hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds to merge later, you can use these functions:
Hour:
def gethour():
from datetime import datetime
return (((str(datetime.now())).split(' ')[1]).split('.')[0]).split(':')[0]
Minute:
def getminute():
from datetime import datetime
return (((str(datetime.now())).split(' ')[1]).split('.')[0]).split(':')[1]
Second:
def getsecond():
from datetime import datetime
return (((str(datetime.now())).split(' ')[1]).split('.')[0]).split(':')[2]
Millisecond:
def getmillisecond():
from datetime import datetime
return (str(datetime.now())).split('.')[1]
You can try the following
import datetime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(now)
or
import datetime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(now.strftime("%Y-%b-%d, %A %I:%M:%S"))
Because no one has mentioned it yet, and this is something I ran into recently... a pytz timezone's fromutc() method combined with datetime's utcnow() is the best way I've found to get a useful current time (and date) in any timezone.
from datetime import datetime
import pytz
JST = pytz.timezone("Asia/Tokyo")
local_time = JST.fromutc(datetime.utcnow())
If all you want is the time, you can then get that with local_time.time().
import datetime
todays_date = datetime.date.today()
print(todays_date)
>>> 2019-10-12
# adding strftime will remove the seconds
current_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%H:%M')
print(current_time)
>>> 23:38
Method1: Getting Current Date and Time from system datetime
The datetime module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times.
Code
from datetime import datetime,date
print("Date: "+str(date.today().year)+"-"+str(date.today().month)+"-"+str(date.today().day))
print("Year: "+str(date.today().year))
print("Month: "+str(date.today().month))
print("Day: "+str(date.today().day)+"\n")
print("Time: "+str(datetime.today().hour)+":"+str(datetime.today().minute)+":"+str(datetime.today().second))
print("Hour: "+str(datetime.today().hour))
print("Minute: "+str(datetime.today().minute))
print("Second: "+str(datetime.today().second))
print("MilliSecond: "+str(datetime.today().microsecond))
Output will be like
Date: 2020-4-18
Year: 2020
Month: 4
Day: 18
Time: 19:30:5
Hour: 19
Minute: 30
Second: 5
MilliSecond: 836071
Method2: Getting Current Date and Time if Network is available
urllib package helps us to handle the url's that means webpages. Here we collects data from the webpage http://just-the-time.appspot.com/ and parses dateime from the webpage using the package dateparser.
Code
from urllib.request import urlopen
import dateparser
time_url = urlopen(u'http://just-the-time.appspot.com/')
datetime = time_url.read().decode("utf-8", errors="ignore").split(' ')[:-1]
date = datetime[0]
time = datetime[1]
print("Date: "+str(date))
print("Year: "+str(date.split('-')[0]))
print("Month: "+str(date.split('-')[1]))
print("Day: "+str(date.split('-')[2])+'\n')
print("Time: "+str(time))
print("Hour: "+str(time.split(':')[0]))
print("Minute: "+str(time.split(':')[1]))
print("Second: "+str(time.split(':')[2]))
Output will be like
Date: 2020-04-18
Year: 2020
Month: 04
Day: 18
Time: 14:17:10
Hour: 14
Minute: 17
Second: 10
Method3: Getting Current Date and Time from Local Time of the Machine
Python's time module provides a function for getting local time from the number of seconds elapsed since the epoch called localtime(). ctime() function takes seconds passed since epoch as an argument and returns a string representing local time.
Code
from time import time, ctime
datetime = ctime(time()).split(' ')
print("Date: "+str(datetime[4])+"-"+str(datetime[1])+"-"+str(datetime[2]))
print("Year: "+str(datetime[4]))
print("Month: "+str(datetime[1]))
print("Day: "+str(datetime[2]))
print("Week Day: "+str(datetime[0])+'\n')
print("Time: "+str(datetime[3]))
print("Hour: "+str(datetime[3]).split(':')[0])
print("Minute: "+str(datetime[3]).split(':')[1])
print("Second: "+str(datetime[3]).split(':')[2])
Output will be like
Date: 2020-Apr-18
Year: 2020
Month: Apr
Day: 18
Week Day: Sat
Time: 19:30:20
Hour: 19
Minute: 30
Second: 20
How do I convert a datetime or date object into a POSIX timestamp in python? There are methods to create a datetime object out of a timestamp, but I don't seem to find any obvious ways to do the operation the opposite way.
import time, datetime
d = datetime.datetime.now()
print time.mktime(d.timetuple())
For UTC calculations, calendar.timegm is the inverse of time.gmtime.
import calendar, datetime
d = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
print calendar.timegm(d.timetuple())
Note that Python now (3.5.2) includes a built-in method for this in datetime objects:
>>> import datetime
>>> now = datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 18, 18, 52, 47, 874766)
>>> now.timestamp() # Local time
1605743567.874766
>>> now.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc).timestamp() # UTC
1605725567.874766 # 5 hours delta (I'm in UTC-5)
In python, time.time() can return seconds as a floating point number that includes a decimal component with the microseconds. In order to convert a datetime back to this representation, you have to add the microseconds component because the direct timetuple doesn't include it.
import time, datetime
posix_now = time.time()
d = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(posix_now)
no_microseconds_time = time.mktime(d.timetuple())
has_microseconds_time = time.mktime(d.timetuple()) + d.microsecond * 0.000001
print posix_now
print no_microseconds_time
print has_microseconds_time
Best conversion from posix/epoch to datetime timestamp and the reverse:
this_time = datetime.datetime.utcnow() # datetime.datetime type
epoch_time = this_time.timestamp() # posix time or epoch time
this_time = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(epoch_time)
It depends
Is your datetime object timezone aware or naive?
Timezone Aware
If it is aware it's simple
from datetime import datetime, timezone
aware_date = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
posix_timestamp = aware_date.timestamp()
as date.timestamp() gives you "POSIX timestamp"
NOTE: more accurate to call it an epoch/unix timestamp as it may not be POSIX compliant
Timezone Naive
If it's not timezone aware (naive), then you'd need to know what timezone it was originally in so we can use replace() to convert it into a timezone aware date object. Let's assume that you've stored/retrieved it as UTC Naive. Here we create one, as an example:
from datetime import datetime, timezone
naive_date = datetime.utcnow() # this date is naive, but is UTC based
aware_date = naive_date.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) # this date is no longer naive
# now we do as we did with the last one
posix_timestamp = aware_date.timestamp()
It's always better to get to a timezone aware date as soon as you can to prevent issues that can arise with naive dates (as Python will often assume they are local times and can mess you up)
NOTE: also be careful with your understanding of the epoch as it is platform dependent