I've created a graph G with NetworkX, where my nodes are movies and actors, and there's an edge if an actor partecipated in a movie. I have a dictionary for all actors and all movies. I want to find the pair of movies that share the largest number of actors.
I thought that the solution could be something like that:
maximum=0
pair=[]
dict_pair_movies={}
for actor in actors:
list_movies=list(nx.all_neighbors(G, actor))
for movie1 in list_movies:
for movie2 in list_movies:
if movie1!=movie2:
dict_coppia_movies[(movies1,movies2)]+=1
if dict_coppia_movies[(movies1,movies2)]>massimo:
maximum=dict_coppia_movies[(movies1,movies2)]
pair=[movies1,movies2]
return pair
But this can't really work because there are 2 millions of actors.
I tried if the code could work in a smaller case, but I ran in two problems:
This line dict_coppia_movies[(movies1,movies2)]+=1 doesn't work; But I could get the result that I wanted with this one dict_coppia_movies[(movies1,movies2)]=dict_coppia_movies.get((movies1,movies2),0) + 1
I don't know ho to specify that, if I have two film A and B, the combination "A,B" it's the same of "B,A".
Instead the algorithm creates two different keys.
I even tried something with nx.common_neighbors that should gives me the number of actors of two movies, but the problems were always the quadratic time and my inability to tell the algorithm to iterate only for different movies.
EDIT: Maybe I've found the solution, but I can't check if it's the right one. I thought that the wise road to follow should be with nx.common_neighbors so I could just iterate for two nodes. In order to make the algorithm fast enough, I tried to use the zip function with the list of movies and the set of movies.
movieList=list(movies.keys())
movieSet=set(movieLista)
def question3():
maximum=0
pair=[]
for node1,node2 in zip(movies,movieSet):
neighborsList=(list(nx.common_neighbors(G,node1,node2)))
if len(neighborsList)>maximum:
maximum=len(neighborsList)
pair=[node1,node2]
return pair
This algorithm gives me a result, but I can't really check if it's correct. I knew that the zip function in the case of two list or set with different lenght it will truncate to the shortest one, but in this case movies and movieSet have the same lenght so it should work...
Based on my understanding of what each variable you're working with means, I think that the following should work. This makes use of Joel's "movie size" heuristic.
Notably, the sorting process is O(n log(n)), so it has no impact on the overall O(n2) complexity.
def question3():
def comp_func(pair):
return len(pair[1])
movie_list = sorted([(k,set(d)) for k,d in G.adjacency() if k in movies],
key = comp_func, reverse = True)
maximum = 0
pair = [None,None]
for i,(movie_1,set_1) in enumerate(movie_list):
if len(set_1) <= maximum:
break
for movie_2,set_2 in movie_list[i+1:]:
if len(set_2) <= maximum:
break
m = len(set_1&set_2)
if m > maximum:
maximum = m
pair[:] = movie_1,movie_2
return pair
sorry for the complicated / confusing title.
Basically I'm trying to implement a system that helps with the sorting of documents with no known date of writing.
It consists of two inputs:
Input 1: A tuple, where the first element is the number of documents, N. The second element is the number of pairs of documents with a known writing order, L. (First document was written before the second document).
Input 2: A list of L tuples. Each tuple contains two elements (documents). The first document was written before the second document. Eg: (1 2), (3 4) means that document1 was written before document2 and document3 was written before document4.
Next, the software must determine if there is a way of sorting all documents chronologically, there can be three outputs:
Inconclusive - Means that the temporal organization of the documents is inconsistent and there is no way of sorting them.
Incomplete - Means that information is lacking and the system can't find a way of sorting.
In case the information is enough, the system should output the order in which the documents have been written.
So far, I have managed to take both inputs, but I do not know where to start in terms of sorting the documents. Any suggestions?
Here's my code so far (Python3):
LN = tuple(int(x.strip()) for x in input("Number of docs. / Number of known pairs").split(' '))
print(LN)
if (LN[1]) > (LN[0]**2):
print("Invalid number of pairs")
else:
A = ['none'] * LN[0]
for i in range(LN[0]):
t = tuple(int(x.strip()) for x in input("Pair:").split(' '))
A[i] = t
print(A)
I appreciate all suggestions :)
Build a directed graph. The inputs are the edges. Check for cycles which would indicate inconsistent input. Find the "leftmost" node, that is the node that doesn't have any edge to it, meaning nothing to its left. Multiple that are leftmost? Incomplete. Then, for each node in the graph, assign the index that equals the length of the longest path from the leftmost node. As there are no (directed) cycles, you could probably just do BFS starting at the leftmost node and at each step assign to the node the maximum of its current value and its value given from its parent. Then iterate through all nodes, and put the numbers in their corresponding indices. Two nodes have the same index assigned? Incomplete.
I'm trying to write a brute-force algorithm that minimises the number of journeys of a herd of cows, subject to the conditions in the docstring.
def brute_force_cow_transport(cows,limit=10):
"""
Finds the allocation of cows that minimizes the number of spaceship trips
via brute force. The brute force algorithm should follow the following method:
1. Enumerate all possible ways that the cows can be divided into separate trips
2. Select the allocation that minimizes the number of trips without making any trip
that does not obey the weight limitation
Does not mutate the given dictionary of cows.
Parameters:
cows - a dictionary of name (string), weight (int) pairs
limit - weight limit of the spaceship (an int)
Returns:
A list of lists, with each inner list containing the names of cows
transported on a particular trip and the overall list containing all the
trips
"""
def weight(sub):
sum = 0
for e in sub:
sum += cows[e]
return sum
valid_trips = []
for part in list(get_partitions(cows)):
if all(weight(sub) <= limit for sub in part):
valid_trips.append(part)
return min(valid_trips)
(The function get_partitions and the dictionary cows have been given in the question)
Where have I gone wrong? I've checked the weight function (that evaluates the weight of a given spaceship trip), so it must be in the last 5 lines. I've checked the code over and over, and it returns a sub-optimal answer:
[['Florence', 'Lola'],
['Maggie', 'Milkshake', 'Moo Moo'],
['Herman'],
['Oreo'],
['Millie'],
['Henrietta'],
['Betsy']]
The syntax is fine; there are no errors being produced, yet I have a sub-optimal (but valid) answer. Why is this?
The question here is:
How do I find the shortest sublist in a nested list?
To do this, change the last line to:
min(valid_trips, key=len)
I'm trying to implement a method to keep the visited states of the 8 puzzle from generating again.
My initial approach was to save each visited pattern in a list and do a linear check each time the algorithm wants to generate a child.
Now I want to do this in O(1) time through list access. Each pattern in 8 puzzle is an ordered permutation of numbers between 1 to 9 (9 being the blank block), for example 125346987 is:
1 2 5
3 4 6
_ 8 7
The number of all of the possible permutation of this kind is around 363,000 (9!). what is the best way to hash these numbers to indexes of a list of that size?
You can map a permutation of N items to its index in the list of all permutations of N items (ordered lexicographically).
Here's some code that does this, and a demonstration that it produces indexes 0 to 23 once each for all permutations of a 4-letter sequence.
import itertools
def fact(n):
r = 1
for i in xrange(n):
r *= i + 1
return r
def I(perm):
if len(perm) == 1:
return 0
return sum(p < perm[0] for p in perm) * fact(len(perm) - 1) + I(perm[1:])
for p in itertools.permutations('abcd'):
print p, I(p)
The best way to understand the code is to prove its correctness. For an array of length n, there's (n-1)! permutations with the smallest element of the array appearing first, (n-1)! permutations with the second smallest element appearing first, and so on.
So, to find the index of a given permutation, see count how many items are smaller than the first thing in the permutation and multiply that by (n-1)!. Then recursively add the index of the remainder of the permutation, considered as a permutation of (n-1) elements. The base case is when you have a permutation of length 1. Obviously there's only one such permutation, so its index is 0.
A worked example: [1324].
[1324]: 1 appears first, and that's the smallest element in the array, so that gives 0 * (3!)
Removing 1 gives us [324]. The first element is 3. There's one element that's smaller, so that gives us 1 * (2!).
Removing 3 gives us [24]. The first element is 2. That's the smallest element remaining, so that gives us 0 * (1!).
Removing 2 gives us [4]. There's only one element, so we use the base case and get 0.
Adding up, we get 0*3! + 1*2! + 0*1! + 0 = 1*2! = 2. So [1324] is at index 2 in the sorted list of 4 permutations. That's correct, because at index 0 is [1234], index 1 is [1243], and the lexicographically next permutation is our [1324].
I believe you're asking for a function to map permutations to array indices. This dictionary maps all permutations of numbers 1-9 to values from 0 to 9!-1.
import itertools
index = itertools.count(0)
permutations = itertools.permutations(range(1, 10))
hashes = {h:next(index) for h in permutations}
For example, hashes[(1,2,5,3,4,6,9,8,7)] gives a value of 1445.
If you need them in strings instead of tuples, use:
permutations = [''.join(x) for x in itertools.permutations('123456789')]
or as integers:
permutations = [int(''.join(x)) for x in itertools.permutations('123456789')]
It looks like you are only interested in whether or not you have already visited the permutation.
You should use a set. It grants the O(1) look-up you are interested in.
A space as well lookup efficient structure for this problem is a trie type structure, as it will use common space for lexicographical matches in any
permutation.
i.e. the space used for "123" in 1234, and in 1235 will be the same.
Lets assume 0 as replacement for '_' in your example for simplicity.
Storing
Your trie will be a tree of booleans, the root node will be an empty node, and then each node will contain 9 children with a boolean flag set to false, the 9 children specify digits 0 to 8 and _ .
You can create the trie on the go, as you encounter a permutation, and store the encountered digits as boolean in the trie by setting the bool as true.
Lookup
The trie is traversed from root to children based on digits of the permutation, and if the nodes have been marked as true, that means the permutation has occured before. The complexity of lookup is just 9 node hops.
Here is how the trie would look for a 4 digit example :
Python trie
This trie can be easily stored in a list of booleans, say myList.
Where myList[0] is the root, as explained in the concept here :
https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~holte/T26/tree-as-array.html
The final trie in a list would be around 9+9^2+9^3....9^8 bits i.e. less than 10 MB for all lookups.
Use
I've developed a heuristic function for this specific case. It is not a perfect hashing, as the mapping is not between [0,9!-1] but between [1,767359], but it is O(1).
Let's assume we already have a file / reserved memory / whatever with 767359 bits set to 0 (e.g., mem = [False] * 767359). Let a 8puzzle pattern be mapped to a python string (e.g., '125346987'). Then, the hash function is determined by:
def getPosition( input_str ):
data = []
opts = range(1,10)
n = int(input_str[0])
opts.pop(opts.index(n))
for c in input_str[1:len(input_str)-1]:
k = opts.index(int(c))
opts.pop(k)
data.append(k)
ind = data[3]<<14 | data[5]<<12 | data[2]<<9 | data[1]<<6 | data[0]<<3 | data[4]<<1 | data[6]<<0
output_str = str(ind)+str(n)
output = int(output_str)
return output
I.e., in order to check if a 8puzzle pattern = 125346987 has already been used, we need to:
pattern = '125346987'
pos = getPosition(pattern)
used = mem[pos-1] #mem starts in 0, getPosition in 1.
With a perfect hashing we would have needed 9! bits to store the booleans. In this case we need 2x more (767359/9! = 2.11), but recall that it is not even 1Mb (barely 100KB).
Note that the function is easily invertible.
Check
I could prove you mathematically why this works and why there won't be any collision, but since this is a programming forum let's just run it for every possible permutation and check that all the hash values (positions) are indeed different:
def getPosition( input_str ):
data = []
opts = range(1,10)
n = int(input_str[0])
opts.pop(opts.index(n))
for c in input_str[1:len(input_str)-1]:
k = opts.index(int(c))
opts.pop(k)
data.append(k)
ind = data[3]<<14 | data[5]<<12 | data[2]<<9 | data[1]<<6 | data[0]<<3 | data[4]<<1 | data[6]<<0
output_str = str(ind)+str(n)
output = int(output_str)
return output
#CHECKING PURPOSES
def addperm(x,l):
return [ l[0:i] + [x] + l[i:] for i in range(len(l)+1) ]
def perm(l):
if len(l) == 0:
return [[]]
return [x for y in perm(l[1:]) for x in addperm(l[0],y) ]
#We generate all the permutations
all_perms = perm([ i for i in range(1,10)])
print "Number of all possible perms.: "+str(len(all_perms)) #indeed 9! = 362880
#We execute our hash function over all the perms and store the output.
all_positions = [];
for permutation in all_perms:
perm_string = ''.join(map(str,permutation))
all_positions.append(getPosition(perm_string))
#We wan't to check if there has been any collision, i.e., if there
#is one position that is repeated at least twice.
print "Number of different hashes: "+str(len(set(all_positions)))
#also 9!, so the hash works properly.
How does it work?
The idea behind this has to do with a tree: at the beginning it has 9 branches going to 9 nodes, each corresponding to a digit. From each of these nodes we have 8 branches going to 8 nodes, each corresponding to a digit except its parent, then 7, and so on.
We first store the first digit of our input string in a separate variable and pop it out from our 'node' list, because we have already taken the branch corresponding to the first digit.
Then we have 8 branches, we choose the one corresponding with our second digit. Note that, since there are 8 branches, we need 3 bits to store the index of our chosen branch and the maximum value it can take is 111 for the 8th branch (we map branch 1-8 to binary 000-111). Once we have chosen and store the branch index, we pop that value out, so that the next node list doesn't include again this digit.
We proceed in the same way for branches 7, 6 and 5. Note that when we have 7 branches we still need 3 bits, though the maximum value will be 110. When we have 5 branches, the index will be at most binary 100.
Then we get to 4 branches and we notice that this can be stored just with 2 bits, same for 3 branches. For 2 branches we will just need 1bit, and for the last branch we don't need any bit: there will be just one branch pointing to the last digit, which will be the remaining from our 1-9 original list.
So, what we have so far: the first digit stored in a separated variable and a list of 7 indexes representing branches. The first 4 indexes can be represented with 3bits, the following 2 indexes can be represented with 2bits and the last index with 1bit.
The idea is to concatenate all this indexes in their bit form to create a larger number. Since we have 17bits, this number will be at most 2^17=131072. Now we just add the first digit we had stored to the end of that number (at most this digit will be 9) and we have that the biggest number we can create is 1310729.
But we can do better: recall that when we had 5 branches we needed 3 bits, though the maximum value was binary 100. What if we arrange our bits so that those with more 0s come first? If so, in the worst case scenario our final bit number will be the concatenation of:
100 10 101 110 111 11 1
Which in decimal is 76735. Then we proceed as before (adding the 9 at the end) and we get that our biggest possible generated number is 767359, which is the ammount of bits we need and corresponds to input string 987654321, while the lowest possible number is 1 which corresponds to input string 123456789.
Just to finish: one might wonder why have we stored the first digit in a separate variable and added it at the end. The reason is that if we had kept it then the number of branches at the beginning would have been 9, so for storing the first index (1-9) we would have needed 4 bits (0000 to 1000). which would have make our mapping much less efficient, as in that case the biggest possible number (and therefore the amount of memory needed) would have been
1000 100 10 101 110 111 11 1
which is 1125311 in decimal (1.13Mb vs 768Kb). It is quite interesting to see that the ratio 1.13M/0.768K = 1.47 has something to do with the ratio of the four bits compared to just adding a decimal value (2^4/10 = 1.6) which makes a lot of sense (the difference is due to the fact that with the first approach we are not fully using the 4 bits).
First. There is nothing faster than a list of booleans. There's a total of 9! == 362880 possible permutations for your task, which is a reasonably small amount of data to store in memory:
visited_states = [False] * math.factorial(9)
Alternatively, you can use array of bytes which is slightly slower (not by much though) and has a much lower memory footprint (by a power of magnitude at least). However any memory savings from using an array will probably be of little value considering the next step.
Second. You need to convert your specific permutation to it's index. There are algorithms which do this, one of the best StackOverflow questions on this topic is probably this one:
Finding the index of a given permutation
You have fixed permutation size n == 9, so whatever complexity an algorithm has, it will be equivalent to O(1) in your situation.
However to produce even faster results, you can pre-populate a mapping dictionary which will give you an O(1) lookup:
all_permutations = map(lambda p: ''.join(p), itertools.permutations('123456789'))
permutation_index = dict((perm, index) for index, perm in enumerate(all_permutations))
This dictionary will consume about 50 Mb of memory, which is... not that much actually. Especially since you only need to create it once.
After all this is done, checking your specific combination is done with:
visited = visited_states[permutation_index['168249357']]
Marking it to visited is done in the same manner:
visited_states[permutation_index['168249357']] = True
Note that using any of permutation index algorithms will be much slower than mapping dictionary. Most of those algorithms are of O(n2) complexity and in your case it results 81 times worse performance even discounting the extra python code itself. So unless you have heavy memory constraints, using mapping dictionary is probably the best solution speed-wise.
Addendum. As has been pointed out by Palec, visited_states list is actually not needed at all - it's perfectly possible to store True/False values directly in the permutation_index dictionary, which saves some memory and an extra list lookup.
Notice if you type hash(125346987) it returns 125346987. That is for a reason, because there is no point in hashing an integer to anything other than an integer.
What you should do, is when you find a pattern add it to a dictionary rather than a list. This will provide the fast lookup you need rather than traversing the list like you are doing now.
So say you find the pattern 125346987 you can do:
foundPatterns = {}
#some code to find the pattern
foundPatterns[1] = 125346987
#more code
#test if there?
125346987 in foundPatterns.values()
True
If you must always have O(1), then seems like a bit array would do the job. You'd only need to store 363,000 elements, which seems doable. Though note that in practice it's not always faster. Simplest implementation looks like:
Create data structure
visited_bitset = [False for _ in xrange(373000)]
Test current state and add if not visited yet
if !visited[current_state]:
visited_bitset[current_state] = True
Paul's answer might work.
Elisha's answer is perfectly valid hash function that would guarantee that no collision happen in the hash function. The 9! would be a pure minimum for a guaranteed no collision hash function, but (unless someone corrects me, Paul probably has) I don't believe there exists a function to map each board to a value in the domain [0, 9!], let alone a hash function that is nothing more that O(1).
If you have a 1GB of memory to support a Boolean array of 864197532 (aka 987654321-12346789) indices. You guarantee (computationally) the O(1) requirement.
Practically (meaning when you run in a real system) speaking this isn't going to be cache friendly but on paper this solution will definitely work. Even if an perfect function did exist, doubt it too would be cache friendly either.
Using prebuilts like set or hashmap (sorry I haven't programmed Python in a while, so don't remember the datatype) must have an amortized 0(1). But using one of these with a suboptimal hash function like n % RANDOM_PRIME_NUM_GREATER_THAN_100000 might give the best solution.
There is a list with float values, which can differ or not. How can I find the randomly chosen list-index of one of the highest values in this list?
If the context is interesting to you:
I try to write a solver for the pen&paper game Battleship. I attempt to calculate probabilities for a hit on each of the fields and then want the the solver to shoot at one of the most likely spots, which means retrieving the index of the highest likelyhood in my likelyhood-list and then tell the game engine this index as my choice. Already the first move shows that it can happen, that there are a lot of fields with the same likelyhood. In this case it makes sense to choose one of them at random (and not just take always the first or anything like that).
Find the maximum using How to find all positions of the maximum value in a list?. Then pick a random from the list using random.choice.
>>> m = max(a)
>>> max_pos = [i for i, j in enumerate(a) if j == m]
>>> random.choice(max_pos)