I think it's a pretty common message for PyTorch users with low GPU memory:
RuntimeError: CUDA out of memory. Tried to allocate 😊 MiB (GPU 😊; 😊 GiB total capacity; 😊 GiB already allocated; 😊 MiB free; 😊 cached)
I tried to process an image by loading each layer to GPU and then loading it back:
for m in self.children():
m.cuda()
x = m(x)
m.cpu()
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
But it doesn't seem to be very effective. I'm wondering is there any tips and tricks to train large deep learning models while using little GPU memory.
Although
import torch
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
provides a good alternative for clearing the occupied cuda memory and we can also manually clear the not in use variables by using,
import gc
del variables
gc.collect()
But still after using these commands, the error might appear again because pytorch doesn't actually clears the memory instead clears the reference to the memory occupied by the variables.
So reducing the batch_size after restarting the kernel and finding the optimum batch_size is the best possible option (but sometimes not a very feasible one).
Another way to get a deeper insight into the alloaction of memory in gpu is to use:
torch.cuda.memory_summary(device=None, abbreviated=False)
wherein, both the arguments are optional. This gives a readable summary of memory allocation and allows you to figure the reason of CUDA running out of memory and restart the kernel to avoid the error from happening again (Just like I did in my case).
Passing the data iteratively might help but changing the size of layers of your network or breaking them down would also prove effective (as sometimes the model also occupies a significant memory for example, while doing transfer learning).
Just reduce the batch size, and it will work.
While I was training, it gave following error:
CUDA out of memory. Tried to allocate 20.00 MiB (GPU 0; 10.76 GiB
total capacity; 4.29 GiB already allocated; 10.12 MiB free; 4.46 GiB
reserved in total by PyTorch)
And I was using batch size of 32. So I just changed it to 15 and it worked for me.
Send the batches to CUDA iteratively, and make small batch sizes. Don't send all your data to CUDA at once in the beginning. Rather, do it as follows:
for e in range(epochs):
for images, labels in train_loader:
if torch.cuda.is_available():
images, labels = images.cuda(), labels.cuda()
# blablabla
You can also use dtypes that use less memory. For instance, torch.float16 or torch.half.
Try not drag your grads too far.
I got the same error when I tried to sum up loss in all batches.
loss = self.criterion(pred, label)
total_loss += loss
Then I use loss.item instead of loss which requires grads, then solved the problem
loss = self.criterion(pred, label)
total_loss += loss.item()
The solution below is credited to yuval reina in the kaggle question
This error is related to the GPU memory and not the general memory => #cjinny comment might not work.
Do you use TensorFlow/Keras or Pytorch?
Try using a smaller batch size.
If you use Keras, Try to decrease some of the hidden layer sizes.
If you use Pytorch:
do you keep all the training data on the GPU all the time?
make sure you don't drag the grads too far
check the sizes of you hidden layer
Most things are covered, still will add a little.
If torch gives error as "Tried to allocate 2 MiB" etc. it is a mis-leading message. Actually, CUDA runs out of total memory required to train the model. You can reduce the batch size. Say, even if batch size of 1 is not working (happens when you train NLP models with massive sequences), try to pass lesser data, this will help you confirm that your GPU does not have enough memory to train the model.
Also, Garbage collection and cleaning cache part has to be done again, if you want to re-train the model.
Follow these steps:
Reduce train,val,test data
Reduce batch size {eg. 16 or 32}
Reduce number of model parameters {eg. less than million}
In my case, when I am training common voice dataset in kaggle kernels the same error raises. I delt with reducing training dataset to 20000,batch size to 16 and model parameter to 112K.
If you are done training and just want to test with an image, make sure to add a with torch.no_grad() and m.eval() at the beginning:
with torch.no_grad():
for m in self.children():
m.cuda()
m.eval()
x = m(x)
m.cpu()
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
This may seem obvious but it worked on my case. I was trying to use BERT to transform sentences into an embbeding representation. As BERT is a pre-trained model I didn't need to save all the gradients, and they were consuming all the GPU's memory.
There are ways to avoid, but it certainly depends on your GPU memory size:
Loading the data in GPU when unpacking the data iteratively,
features, labels in batch:
features, labels = features.to(device), labels.to(device)
Using FP_16 or single precision float dtypes.
Try reducing the batch size if you ran out of memory.
Use .detach() method to remove tensors from GPU which are not needed.
If all of the above are used properly, PyTorch library is already highly optimizer and efficient.
Implementation:
Feed the image into gpu batch by batch.
Using a small batch size during training or inference.
Resize the input images with a small image size.
Technically:
Most networks are over parameterized, which means they are too large for the learning tasks. So finding an appropriate network structure can help:
a. Compact your network with techniques like model compression, network pruning and quantization.
b. Directly using a more compact network structure like mobileNetv1/2/3.
c. Network architecture search(NAS).
I have the same error but fix it by resize my images from ~600 to 100 using the lines:
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
transform = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize((100, 100)),
transforms.ToTensor()
])
Although this seems bizarre what I found is there are many sessions running in the background for collab even if we factory reset runtime or we close the tab. I conquered this by clicking on "Runtime" from the menu and then selecting "Manage Sessions". I terminated all the unwanted sessions and I was good to go.
I would recommend using mixed precision training with PyTorch. It can make training way faster and consume less memory.
Take a look at https://spell.ml/blog/mixed-precision-training-with-pytorch-Xuk7YBEAACAASJam.
There is now a pretty awesome library which makes this very simple: https://github.com/rentruewang/koila
pip install koila
in your code, simply wrap the input with lazy:
from koila import lazy
input = lazy(input, batch=0)
As long as you don't cross a batch size of 32, you will be fine. Just remember to refresh or restart runtime or else even if you reduce the batch size, you will encounter the same error.
I set my batch size to 16, it reduces zero gradients from occurring during my training and the model matches the true function much better. Rather than using a batch size of 4 or 8 which causes the training loss to fluctuate than
I meet the same error, and my GPU is GTX1650 with 4g video memory and 16G ram. It worked for me when I reduce the batch_size to 3.
Hope this can help you
I faced the same problem and resolved it by degrading the PyTorch version from 1.10.1 to 1.8.1 with code 11.3.
In my case, I am using GPU RTX 3060, which works only with Cuda version 11.3 or above, and when I installed Cuda 11.3, it came with PyTorch 1.10.1. So I degraded the PyTorch version, and now it is working fine.
$ pip3 install torch==1.8.1+cu111 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
2- You can check by reducing train batch size also.
If you are working with images, just reduce the input image shape. For example, if you are using 512x512, try 256x256. It worked for me!
Best way would be lowering down the batch size. Usually it works. Otherwise try this:
import gc
del variable #delete unnecessary variables
gc.collect()
Related
from transformers import MBart50TokenizerFast
from transformers import MBartForConditionalGeneration
tokenizer = MBart50TokenizerFast.from_pretrained("facebook/mbart-large-50-many-to-many-mmt",src_lang="", tgt_lang="")
model = MBartForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("facebook/mbart-large-50-many-to-many-mmt");
batch_size = 8
args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(
output_dir="./resultsMBart",
evaluation_strategy = "epoch",
learning_rate=3e-5,
per_device_train_batch_size=batch_size,
per_device_eval_batch_size=batch_size,
save_total_limit=3,
num_train_epochs=3,
predict_with_generate=True,
fp16=False,
report_to = "none")
trainer = Seq2SeqTrainer(
model,
args,
train_dataset=tokenized_datasets["train"],
eval_dataset=tokenized_datasets["validation"],
data_collator=data_collator,
tokenizer=tokenizer,
compute_metrics=compute_metrics)
trainer.train()
RuntimeError: CUDA out of memory. Tried to allocate 978.00 MiB (GPU 0; 15.74 GiB total capacity; 13.76 GiB already allocated; 351.00 MiB free; 14.02 GiB reserved in total by PyTorch)
If reserved memory is >> allocated memory try setting max_split_size_mb to avoid fragmentation.
See documentation for Memory Management and PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF
I have recently started working in NLP and was trying to train MBART Model using my data set but every time I set it for training,I get a CUDA error.I have tried decreasing batch size as well as killing all processes on the GPU to prevent this error but I cannot seem to figure out a solution.Would anyone have an idea on how I could fix this and train the model?
The data set I am using has approximately 2 million sentences but that didn't lead to a problem when I tried using other models,so I have no idea why this is occuring,any help would be well appreciated.
The GPU I am using is NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000.
There are a few things that you can try in order to reduce the memory footprint and avoid OOM issues:
Gradient accumulation: When using gradient accumulation, gradient calculation is done in smaller steps rather than all at once for a batch. In order to use this, all you have to do is set the gradient_accumulation_steps argument to a number that would fit into memory, and modify the per_device_train_batch_size to original_batch_size/gradient_accumulation_steps. For example, assuming your GPU can take up to a batch size of 2 (and ideally you want to max it out), and you intend to train with a batch size of 8, this is how you should set up your training arguments to ensure that it fits into memory:
batch_size = 8
gradient_accumulation_step = 2 #needs to be a batch size that can fit into memory
args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(
output_dir="./resultsMBart",
evaluation_strategy = "epoch",
learning_rate=3e-5,
gradient_accumulation_steps = gradient_accumulation_steps,
per_device_train_batch_size=batch_size/gradient_accumulation_step,
per_device_eval_batch_size=batch_size/gradient_accumulation_step,
save_total_limit=3,
num_train_epochs=3,
predict_with_generate=True,
fp16=False,
report_to = "none")
Gradient checkpointing: This approach helps save memory by reducing the memory overhead by saving only selective activations as opposed to saving all of them. To use this, the gradient_checkpointing needs to be set to True
I highly recommend reading the Performance and scalability section of the transformers documentation to understand the pros and cons of the aforementioned approaches better, and to familiarize yourself with other techniques as well such as mixed precision training and optimizer usage.
I am running the GPT-2 code of the large model(774M). It is used for the generation of text samples through interactive_conditional_samples.py , link: here
So I've given an input file containing prompts which are automatically selected to generate output. This output is also automatically copied into a file. In short, I'm not training it, I'm using the model to generate text.
Also, I'm using a single GPU.
The problem I'm facing in this is, The code is not utilizing the GPU fully.
By using nvidia-smi command, I was able to see the below image
https://imgur.com/CqANNdB
It depends on your application. It is not unusual to have low GPU utilization when the batch_size is small. Try increasing the batch_size for more GPU utilization.
In your case, you have set batch_size=1 in your program. Increase the batch_size to a larger number and verify the GPU utilization.
Let me explain using MNIST size networks. They are tiny and it's hard to achieve high GPU (or CPU) efficiency for them. You will get higher computational efficiency with larger batch size, meaning you can process more examples per second, but you will also get lower statistical efficiency, meaning you need to process more examples total to get to target accuracy. So it's a trade-off. For tiny character models, the statistical efficiency drops off very quickly after a batch_size=100, so it's probably not worth trying to grow the batch size for training. For inference, you should use the largest batch size you can.
Hope this answers your question. Happy Learning.
I use multigpu to train a model with pytorch. One gpu uses more memory than others, causing "out-of-memory". Why would one gpu use more memory? Is it possible to make the usage more balanced? Is there other ways to reduce memory usage? (Deleting variables that will not be used anymore...?) The batch size is already 1. Thanks.
DataParallel splits the batch and sends each split to a different GPU, each GPU has a copy of the model, then the forward pass is computed independently and then the outputs of each GPU are collected back to one GPU instead of computing loss independently in each GPU.
If you want to mitigate this issue you can include the loss computation in the DataParallel module.
If doing this is still an issue, then you might want model parallelism instead of data parallelism: move different parts of your model to different GPUs using .cuda(gpu_id). This is useful when the weights of your model are pretty large.
I am combining a Monte-Carlo Tree Search with a convolutional neural network as the rollout policy. I've identified the Keras model.predict function as being very slow. After experimentation, I found that surprisingly model parameter size and prediction sample size don't affect the speed significantly. For reference:
0.00135549 s for 3 samples with batch_size = 3
0.00303991 s for 3 samples with batch_size = 1
0.00115528 s for 1 sample with batch_size = 1
0.00136132 s for 10 samples with batch_size = 10
as you can see I can predict 10 samples at about the same speed as 1 sample. The change is also very minimal though noticeable if I decrease parameter size by 100X but I'd rather not change parameter size by that much anyway. In addition, the predict function is very slow the first time run through (~0.2s) though I don't think that's the problem here since the same model is predicting multiple times.
I wonder if there is some workaround because clearly the 10 samples can be evaluated very quickly, all I want to be able to do is predict the samples at different times and not all at once since I need to update the Tree Search before making a new prediction. Perhaps should I work with tensorflow instead?
The batch size controls parallelism when predicting, so it is expected that increasing the batch size will have better performance, as you can use more cores and use GPU more efficiently.
You cannot really workaround, there is nothing really to work around, using a batch size of one is the worst case for performance. Maybe you should look into a smaller network that is faster to predict, or predict on the CPU if your experiments are done in a GPU, to minimize overhead due to transfer.
Don't forget that model.predict does a full forward pass of the network, so its speed completely depends on the network architecture.
One way that gave me a speed up was switching from model.predict(x) to,
model.predict_on_batch(x)
making sure your x shape has 1 as the first dimension.
I don't think working with pure Tensorflow would change the performance much. Keras is a high-level API for low-level Tensorflow primitives. You could use a smaller model instead, like MobileNetV3 or EfficientNet, but this would require retraining.
If you need to remain with the existing model, you could try OpenVINO. OpenVINO is optimized for Intel hardware, but it should work with any CPU. It optimizes your model by converting to Intermediate Representation (IR), performing graph pruning and fusing some operations into others while preserving accuracy. Then it uses vectorization in runtime.
It's rather straightforward to convert the Keras model to OpenVINO. The full tutorial on how to do it can be found here. Some snippets are below.
Install OpenVINO
The easiest way to do it is using PIP. Alternatively, you can use this tool to find the best way in your case.
pip install openvino-dev[tensorflow2]
Save your model as SavedModel
OpenVINO is not able to convert the HDF5 model, so you have to save it as SavedModel first.
import tensorflow as tf
from custom_layer import CustomLayer
model = tf.keras.models.load_model('model.h5', custom_objects={'CustomLayer': CustomLayer})
tf.saved_model.save(model, 'model')
Use Model Optimizer to convert SavedModel model
The Model Optimizer is a command-line tool that comes from OpenVINO Development Package. It converts the Tensorflow model to IR, a default format for OpenVINO. You can also try the precision of FP16, which should give you better performance without a significant accuracy drop (change data_type). Run in the command line:
mo --saved_model_dir "model" --data_type FP32 --output_dir "model_ir"
Run the inference
The converted model can be loaded by the runtime and compiled for a specific device, e.g., CPU or GPU (integrated into your CPU like Intel HD Graphics). If you don't know what the best choice for you is, use AUTO. You care about latency, so I suggest adding a performance hint (as shown below) to use the device that fulfills your requirement.
# Load the network
ie = Core()
model_ir = ie.read_model(model="model_ir/model.xml")
compiled_model_ir = ie.compile_model(model=model_ir, device_name="AUTO", config={"PERFORMANCE_HINT":"LATENCY"})
# Get output layer
output_layer_ir = compiled_model_ir.output(0)
# Run inference on the input image
result = compiled_model_ir([input_image])[output_layer_ir]
Disclaimer: I work on OpenVINO.
I successfully trained the network but got this error during validation:
RuntimeError: CUDA error: out of memory
The best way is to find the process engaging gpu memory and kill it:
find the PID of python process from:
nvidia-smi
copy the PID and kill it by:
sudo kill -9 pid
1.. When you only perform validation not training,
you don't need to calculate gradients for forward and backward phase.
In that situation, your code can be located under
with torch.no_grad():
...
net=Net()
pred_for_validation=net(input)
...
Above code doesn't use GPU memory
2.. If you use += operator in your code,
it can accumulate gradient continuously in your gradient graph.
In that case, you need to use float() like following site
https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/faq.html#my-model-reports-cuda-runtime-error-2-out-of-memory
Even if docs guides with float(), in case of me, item() also worked like
entire_loss=0.0
for i in range(100):
one_loss=loss_function(prediction,label)
entire_loss+=one_loss.item()
3.. If you use for loop in training code,
data can be sustained until entire for loop ends.
So, in that case, you can explicitly delete variables after performing optimizer.step()
for one_epoch in range(100):
...
optimizer.step()
del intermediate_variable1,intermediate_variable2,...
The error occurs because you ran out of memory on your GPU.
One way to solve it is to reduce the batch size until your code runs without this error.
I had the same issue and this code worked for me :
import gc
gc.collect()
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
It might be for a number of reasons that I try to report in the following list:
Modules parameters: check the number of dimensions for your modules. Linear layers that transform a big input tensor (e.g., size 1000) in another big output tensor (e.g., size 1000) will require a matrix whose size is (1000, 1000).
RNN decoder maximum steps: if you're using an RNN decoder in your architecture, avoid looping for a big number of steps. Usually, you fix a given number of decoding steps that is reasonable for your dataset.
Tensors usage: minimise the number of tensors that you create. The garbage collector won't release them until they go out of scope.
Batch size: incrementally increase your batch size until you go out of memory. It's a common trick that even famous library implement (see the biggest_batch_first description for the BucketIterator in AllenNLP.
In addition, I would recommend you to have a look to the official PyTorch documentation: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/faq.html
I am a Pytorch user. In my case, the cause for this error message was actually not due to GPU memory, but due to the version mismatch between Pytorch and CUDA.
Check whether the cause is really due to your GPU memory, by a code below.
import torch
foo = torch.tensor([1,2,3])
foo = foo.to('cuda')
If an error still occurs for the above code, it will be better to re-install your Pytorch according to your CUDA version. (In my case, this solved the problem.)
Pytorch install link
A similar case will happen also for Tensorflow/Keras.
If you are getting this error in Google Colab use this code:
import torch
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
In my experience, this is not a typical CUDA OOM Error caused by PyTorch trying to allocate more memory on the GPU than you currently have.
The giveaway is the distinct lack of the following text in the error message.
Tried to allocate xxx GiB (GPU Y; XXX GiB total capacity; yyy MiB already allocated; zzz GiB free; aaa MiB reserved in total by PyTorch)
In my experience, this is an Nvidia driver issue. A reboot has always solved the issue for me, but there are times when a reboot is not possible.
One alternative to rebooting is to kill all Nvidia processes and reload the drivers manually. I always refer to the unaccepted answer of this question written by Comzyh when performing the driver cycle. Hope this helps anyone trapped in this situation.
If someone arrives here because of fast.ai, the batch size of a loader such as ImageDataLoaders can be controlled via bs=N where N is the size of the batch.
My dedicated GPU is limited to 2GB of memory, using bs=8 in the following example worked in my situation:
from fastai.vision.all import *
path = untar_data(URLs.PETS)/'images'
def is_cat(x): return x[0].isupper()
dls = ImageDataLoaders.from_name_func(
path, get_image_files(path), valid_pct=0.2, seed=42,
label_func=is_cat, item_tfms=Resize(244), num_workers=0, bs=)
learn = cnn_learner(dls, resnet34, metrics=error_rate)
learn.fine_tune(1)
Problem solved by the following code:
import os
os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES']='2, 3'
Not sure if this'll help you or not, but this is what solved the issue for me:
export PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=max_split_size_mb:128
Nothing else in this thread helped.
I faced the same issue with my computer. All you have to do is customize your configuration file to match your computer's specifications. Turns out my computer takes image sizes below 600 X 600 and when I adjusted the same in the configuration file, the program ran smoothly.