I'm trying to read a website's content but I get an empty bytes object, b''.
import urllib3
from urllib3 import PoolManager
urllib3.disable_warnings()
https = PoolManager()
r = https.request('GET', 'https://minemen.club/leaderboards/practice/')
print(r.status)
print(r.read())
When I open the URL in a web browser I see the website, and r.status is 200 (success).
Why does r.read() not return the content?
What makes you think it is wrong? Try the following, you'll have much more output:
print(r.data)
Check HTTPResponse to see how to use the r object you got.
This is how urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.read is supposed to work.
It is explained for example here by one of the contributors to urllib3:
This is about documentation. You cannot use read() by default, because
by default all the content is consumed into data. If you want read()
to work, you need to set preload_content=True on the call to urlopen.
Want to give that a try?
So you can simply use r.data.
Related
I'm trying to access an authenticated site using a cookies.txt file (generated with a Chrome extension) with Python Requests:
import requests, cookielib
cj = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar('cookies.txt')
cj.load()
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cj)
It doesn't throw any error or exception, but yields the login screen, incorrectly. However, I know that my cookie file is valid, because I can successfully retrieve my content using it with wget. Any idea what I'm doing wrong?
Edit:
I'm tracing cookielib.MozillaCookieJar._really_load and can verify that the cookies are correctly parsed (i.e. they have the correct values for the domain, path, secure, etc. tokens). But as the transaction is still resulting in the login form, it seems that wget must be doing something additional (as the exact same cookies.txt file works for it).
MozillaCookieJar inherits from FileCookieJar which has the following docstring in its constructor:
Cookies are NOT loaded from the named file until either the .load() or
.revert() method is called.
You need to call .load() method then.
Also, like Jermaine Xu noted the first line of the file needs to contain either # Netscape HTTP Cookie File or # HTTP Cookie File string. Files generated by the plugin you use do not contain such a string so you have to insert it yourself. I raised appropriate bug at http://code.google.com/p/cookie-txt-export/issues/detail?id=5
EDIT
Session cookies are saved with 0 in the 5th column. If you don't pass ignore_expires=True to load() method all such cookies are discarded when loading from a file.
File session_cookie.txt:
# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
.domain.com TRUE / FALSE 0 name value
Python script:
import cookielib
cj = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar('session_cookie.txt')
cj.load()
print len(cj)
Output:
0
EDIT 2
Although we managed to get cookies into the jar above they are subsequently discarded by cookielib because they still have 0 value in the expires attribute. To prevent this we have to set the expire time to some future time like so:
for cookie in cj:
# set cookie expire date to 14 days from now
cookie.expires = time.time() + 14 * 24 * 3600
EDIT 3
I checked both wget and curl and both use 0 expiry time to denote session cookies which means it's the de facto standard. However Python's implementation uses empty string for the same purpose hence the problem raised in the question. I think Python's behavior in this regard should be in line with what wget and curl do and that's why I raised the bug at http://bugs.python.org/issue17164
I'll note that replacing 0s with empty strings in the 5th column of the input file and passing ignore_discard=True to load() is the alternate way of solving the problem (no need to change expiry time in this case).
I tried taking into account everything that Piotr Dobrogost had valiantly figured out about MozillaCookieJar but to no avail. I got fed up and just parsed the damn cookies.txt myself and now all is well:
import re
import requests
def parseCookieFile(cookiefile):
"""Parse a cookies.txt file and return a dictionary of key value pairs
compatible with requests."""
cookies = {}
with open (cookiefile, 'r') as fp:
for line in fp:
if not re.match(r'^\#', line):
lineFields = line.strip().split('\t')
cookies[lineFields[5]] = lineFields[6]
return cookies
cookies = parseCookieFile('cookies.txt')
import pprint
pprint.pprint(cookies)
r = requests.get('https://example.com', cookies=cookies)
This worked for me:
from http.cookiejar import MozillaCookieJar
from pathlib import Path
import requests
cookies = Path('/Users/name/cookies.txt')
jar = MozillaCookieJar(cookies)
jar.load()
requests.get('https://path.to.site.com', cookies=jar)
<Response [200]>
I tried editing Tristan answer to add some info to it but it seems SO edit q is full therefore, I am writing this answer, since, I have struggled real bad on using existing cookies with python request.
First, get the cookies from the Chrome. Easiest way would be to use an extension called 'cookies.txt'
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/get-cookiestxt/bgaddhkoddajcdgocldbbfleckgcbcid/related
After downloading those cookies, use the below code to make sure that you are able to parse the file without any issues.
import re, requests, pprint
def parseCookieFile(cookiefile):
"""Parse a cookies.txt file and return a dictionary of key value pairs
compatible with requests."""
cookies = {}
with open (cookiefile, 'r') as fp:
for line in fp:
if not re.match(r'^\#', line):
lineFields = re.findall(r'[^\s]+', line) #capturing anything but empty space
try:
cookies[lineFields[5]] = lineFields[6]
except Exception as e:
print (e)
return cookies
cookies = parseCookieFile('cookies.txt') #replace the filename
pprint.pprint(cookies)
Next, use those cookies with python request
x = requests.get('your__url', verify=False, cookies=cookies)
print (x.content)
This should save your day from going on different SO posts and trying those cookielib and other methods which never worked for me.
I finally found a way to make it work (I got the idea by looking at curl's verbose ouput): instead of loading my cookies from a file, I simply created a dict with the required value/name pairs:
cd = {'v1': 'n1', 'v2': 'n2'}
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cd)
and it worked (although it doesn't explain why the previous method didn't). Thanks for all the help, it's really appreciated.
I'm trying to access an authenticated site using a cookies.txt file (generated with a Chrome extension) with Python Requests:
import requests, cookielib
cj = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar('cookies.txt')
cj.load()
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cj)
It doesn't throw any error or exception, but yields the login screen, incorrectly. However, I know that my cookie file is valid, because I can successfully retrieve my content using it with wget. Any idea what I'm doing wrong?
Edit:
I'm tracing cookielib.MozillaCookieJar._really_load and can verify that the cookies are correctly parsed (i.e. they have the correct values for the domain, path, secure, etc. tokens). But as the transaction is still resulting in the login form, it seems that wget must be doing something additional (as the exact same cookies.txt file works for it).
MozillaCookieJar inherits from FileCookieJar which has the following docstring in its constructor:
Cookies are NOT loaded from the named file until either the .load() or
.revert() method is called.
You need to call .load() method then.
Also, like Jermaine Xu noted the first line of the file needs to contain either # Netscape HTTP Cookie File or # HTTP Cookie File string. Files generated by the plugin you use do not contain such a string so you have to insert it yourself. I raised appropriate bug at http://code.google.com/p/cookie-txt-export/issues/detail?id=5
EDIT
Session cookies are saved with 0 in the 5th column. If you don't pass ignore_expires=True to load() method all such cookies are discarded when loading from a file.
File session_cookie.txt:
# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
.domain.com TRUE / FALSE 0 name value
Python script:
import cookielib
cj = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar('session_cookie.txt')
cj.load()
print len(cj)
Output:
0
EDIT 2
Although we managed to get cookies into the jar above they are subsequently discarded by cookielib because they still have 0 value in the expires attribute. To prevent this we have to set the expire time to some future time like so:
for cookie in cj:
# set cookie expire date to 14 days from now
cookie.expires = time.time() + 14 * 24 * 3600
EDIT 3
I checked both wget and curl and both use 0 expiry time to denote session cookies which means it's the de facto standard. However Python's implementation uses empty string for the same purpose hence the problem raised in the question. I think Python's behavior in this regard should be in line with what wget and curl do and that's why I raised the bug at http://bugs.python.org/issue17164
I'll note that replacing 0s with empty strings in the 5th column of the input file and passing ignore_discard=True to load() is the alternate way of solving the problem (no need to change expiry time in this case).
I tried taking into account everything that Piotr Dobrogost had valiantly figured out about MozillaCookieJar but to no avail. I got fed up and just parsed the damn cookies.txt myself and now all is well:
import re
import requests
def parseCookieFile(cookiefile):
"""Parse a cookies.txt file and return a dictionary of key value pairs
compatible with requests."""
cookies = {}
with open (cookiefile, 'r') as fp:
for line in fp:
if not re.match(r'^\#', line):
lineFields = line.strip().split('\t')
cookies[lineFields[5]] = lineFields[6]
return cookies
cookies = parseCookieFile('cookies.txt')
import pprint
pprint.pprint(cookies)
r = requests.get('https://example.com', cookies=cookies)
This worked for me:
from http.cookiejar import MozillaCookieJar
from pathlib import Path
import requests
cookies = Path('/Users/name/cookies.txt')
jar = MozillaCookieJar(cookies)
jar.load()
requests.get('https://path.to.site.com', cookies=jar)
<Response [200]>
I tried editing Tristan answer to add some info to it but it seems SO edit q is full therefore, I am writing this answer, since, I have struggled real bad on using existing cookies with python request.
First, get the cookies from the Chrome. Easiest way would be to use an extension called 'cookies.txt'
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/get-cookiestxt/bgaddhkoddajcdgocldbbfleckgcbcid/related
After downloading those cookies, use the below code to make sure that you are able to parse the file without any issues.
import re, requests, pprint
def parseCookieFile(cookiefile):
"""Parse a cookies.txt file and return a dictionary of key value pairs
compatible with requests."""
cookies = {}
with open (cookiefile, 'r') as fp:
for line in fp:
if not re.match(r'^\#', line):
lineFields = re.findall(r'[^\s]+', line) #capturing anything but empty space
try:
cookies[lineFields[5]] = lineFields[6]
except Exception as e:
print (e)
return cookies
cookies = parseCookieFile('cookies.txt') #replace the filename
pprint.pprint(cookies)
Next, use those cookies with python request
x = requests.get('your__url', verify=False, cookies=cookies)
print (x.content)
This should save your day from going on different SO posts and trying those cookielib and other methods which never worked for me.
I finally found a way to make it work (I got the idea by looking at curl's verbose ouput): instead of loading my cookies from a file, I simply created a dict with the required value/name pairs:
cd = {'v1': 'n1', 'v2': 'n2'}
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cd)
and it worked (although it doesn't explain why the previous method didn't). Thanks for all the help, it's really appreciated.
I'm having problems getting data from an HTTP response. The format unfortunately comes back with '\n' attached to all the key/value pairs. JSON says it must be a str and not "bytes".
I have tried a number of fixes so my list of includes might look weird/redundant. Any suggestions would be appreciated.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.request
from urllib.request import urlopen
import json
import requests
url = "http://finance.google.com/finance/info?client=ig&q=NASDAQ,AAPL"
response = urlopen(url)
content = response.read()
print(content)
data = json.loads(content)
info = data[0]
print(info)
#got this far - planning to extract "id:" "22144"
When it comes to making requests in Python, I personally like to use the requests library. I find it easier to use.
import json
import requests
r = requests.get('http://finance.google.com/finance/info?client=ig&q=NASDAQ,AAPL')
json_obj = json.loads(r.text[4:])
print(json_obj[0].get('id'))
The above solution prints: 22144
The response data had a couple unnecessary characters at the head, which is why I am only loading the relevant (json) portion of the response: r.text[4:]. This is the reason why you couldn't load it as json initially.
Bytes object has method decode() which converts bytes to string. Checking the response in the browser, seems there are some extra characters at the beginning of the string that needs to be removed (a line feed character, followed by two slashes: '\n//'). To skip the first three characters from the string returned by the decode() method we add [3:] after the method call.
data = json.loads(content.decode()[3:])
print(data[0]['id'])
The output is exactly what you expect:
22144
JSON says it must be a str and not "bytes".
Your content is "bytes", and you can do this as below.
data = json.loads(content.decode())
I'm making a request in python to a web service which returns AMF. I don't know if it's AMF0 or AMF3 yet.
r = requests.post(url, data=data)
>>> r.text
u'\x00\x03...'
(Full data here)
How can I take r.text and convert it to a python object or similar? I found amfast but it's Decoder class returns a 3.131513074181806e-294 assuming AMF0 and None for AMF3. (Both incorrect)
from amfast.decoder import Decoder
decoder = Decoder(amf3=False)
obj = decoder.decode(StringIO.StringIO(r.text))
I see two problems with your code, the first is using r.text to return binary data. Use r.content instead. The second problem is using decoder.decode method, which decodes one object and not a packet. Use decoder.decode_packet instead.
from amfast.decoder import Decoder
decoder = Decoder(amf3=True)
obj = decoder.decode_packet(r.content)
Using Pyamf works as well, using r.content.
have u tried PyAMF.
from pyamf import remoting
remoting.decode(data)
Looking for a python script that would simply connect to a web page (maybe some querystring parameters).
I am going to run this script as a batch job in unix.
urllib2 will do what you want and it's pretty simple to use.
import urllib
import urllib2
params = {'param1': 'value1'}
req = urllib2.Request("http://someurl", urllib.urlencode(params))
res = urllib2.urlopen(req)
data = res.read()
It's also nice because it's easy to modify the above code to do all sorts of other things like POST requests, Basic Authentication, etc.
Try this:
aResp = urllib2.urlopen("http://google.com/");
print aResp.read();
If you need your script to actually function as a user of the site (clicking links, etc.) then you're probably looking for the python mechanize library.
Python Mechanize
A simple wget called from a shell script might suffice.
in python 2.7:
import urllib2
params = "key=val&key2=val2" #make sure that it's in GET request format
url = "http://www.example.com"
html = urllib2.urlopen(url+"?"+params).read()
print html
more info at https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/urllib2.html
in python 3.6:
from urllib.request import urlopen
params = "key=val&key2=val2" #make sure that it's in GET request format
url = "http://www.example.com"
html = urlopen(url+"?"+params).read()
print(html)
more info at https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/urllib.request.html
to encode params into GET format:
def myEncode(dictionary):
result = ""
for k in dictionary: #k is the key
result += k+"="+dictionary[k]+"&"
return result[:-1] #all but that last `&`
I'm pretty sure this should work in either python2 or python3...
What are you trying to do? If you're just trying to fetch a web page, cURL is a pre-existing (and very common) tool that does exactly that.
Basic usage is very simple:
curl www.example.com
You might want to simply use httplib from the standard library.
myConnection = httplib.HTTPConnection('http://www.example.com')
you can find the official reference here: http://docs.python.org/library/httplib.html