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I am getting error while I'm creating game with Ursina(python). How can I fix it?

I'm creating FPS game with Ursina Engine (python). But I started to get a error whenever I tried to play it.
I just started coding so I don't know what I should do.
Code:
from ursina import *
from ursina.prefabs.first_person_controller import *
class Player(Entity):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
self.controller = FirstPersonController(**kwargs)
super().__init__(parent=self.controller)
self.hand_gun = Entity(parent=self.controller.camera_pivot, scale=0.1, position=Vec3(0.7, -1, 1.5), rotation=Vec3(0, 170, 0), model='gun', Texture='M1911-RIGHT', visible=False)
self.knife = Entity(parent=self.controller.camera_pivot, scale=0.4, position=Vec3(0.7, -1, 1.5), rotation=Vec3(0, 170, 0), model='knife', Texture='knife', visible=False)
self.weapons = [self.hand_gun, self.knife]
self.current_weapon = 0
self.switch_weapons()
def switch_weapon(self):
for i, v in enumerate(self.weapons):
if i == self.current_weapon:
v.visible = True
else:
v.visible = False
def input(self, key):
try:
self.current_weapon = int(key) - 1
self.switch_weapon()
except ValueError:
pass
if key == 'scroll up':
self.current_weapon = (self.current_weapon + 1) % len(self.weapons)
self.switch_weapon()
if key == 'scroll down':
self.current_weapon = (self.current_weapon - 1) % len(self.weapons)
self.switch_weapon()
if key == 'left_mouse_down' and self.current_weapon == 0:
Bullet(model='sphere', color=color.black, scale=0.2, position=self.controller.camera_pivot.world_position, rotation=self.controller.camera_pivot.world_rotation)
def update(self):
self.controller.camera_pivot.y = 2 - held_keys['left control']
class Bullet(Entity):
def __init__(self, speed=50, lifetime = 10, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.speed = speed
self.lifetime = lifetime
self.start = time.time()
def update(self):
ray = raycast(self.world_position, self.forward, distance=self.speed*time.dt)
if not ray.hit and time.time() - self.start < self.lifetime:
self.world_position += self.forward * self.speed * time.daylight
else:
destroy(self)
app = Ursina
ground = Entity(model='plane', scale=20, texture='white_cube', texture_scale='mesh')
player = Player(position=(0,10,0))
app.run()
It's just small shooting game that I made for learning Ursina Engine
and the error message I got was:
package_folder: C:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\site-packages\ursina
asset_folder: c:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\Desktop\Tetris\Ursina Engine
Exception ignored in: <function Texture.__del__ at 0x000001E55A5129E0>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\site-packages\ursina\texture.py", line 185, in __del__ del self._cached_image
AttributeError: _cached_image
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\Desktop\Tetris\Ursina Engine\03 - Weapons.py", line 71, in <module>
player = Player(position=(0,10,0))
File "c:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\Desktop\Tetris\Ursina Engine\03 - Weapons.py", line 6, in __init__
self.controller = FirstPersonController(**kwargs)
File "C:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\site-packages\ursina\prefabs\first_person_controller.py", line 32, in __init__
ray = raycast(self.world_position+(0,self.height,0), self.down, ignore=(self,))
File "C:\Users\Yunwoo Chang\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\site-packages\ursina\entity.py", line 433, in world_position
return Vec3(self.get_position(render))
NameError: name 'render' is not defined
How can I fix it?
I think it's some kind of attribute error but I don't know what to do.

You should instantiate Ursina with app = Ursina() before instantiating Entities. You're missing the ().

TypeError: unhashable type: 'list' In pyglet

So after getting inspired by code bullet to try out pyglet. Recently I have been creating many small games and simulations with it. The current one being a game is a flappy bird(Pretty sure you've all played that). So my mission is to code flappybird with pyglet today. But as usual, I fell into a problem, and even though there were many questions and answers for this problem as I was using pyglet all of the other answers weren't working.
The code I have written for the flappy bird is pretty straightforward. I have 2 classes the bird and the pipe and I render all of them using batches and groups. here:
import math, sys
import pyglet, random
from pyglet.window import key, mouse
window = pyglet.window.Window(width=335, height=540, caption="FLAPPY BIRD!")
batch = pyglet.graphics.Batch()
background = pyglet.graphics.OrderedGroup(0)
pipes = pyglet.graphics.OrderedGroup(1)
foreground = pyglet.graphics.OrderedGroup(2)
player = pyglet.graphics.OrderedGroup(3)
bg = pyglet.image.load("background.png")
background_1 = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(bg, 0, 0, batch=batch, group=background)
background_2 = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(bg, bg.width, 0, batch=batch, group=background)
base = pyglet.image.load("base.png")
base_1 = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(base, 0, 0, batch=batch, group=foreground)
base_2 = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(base, base.width, 0, batch=batch, group=foreground)
bird_image = pyglet.image.load("yellowbird-midflap.png")
bird_image.anchor_x = bird_image.width // 2
bird_image.anchor_y = bird_image.height // 2
class Bird:
def __init__(self):
self.charector = \
pyglet.sprite.Sprite(bird_image, window.width * 0.2, window.height/2, batch=batch, group=player)
self.y_speed = 0
self.rotation_vel = 0
self.alive = True
def update(self):
self.y_speed -= 0.6
self.rotation_vel += 1
self.charector.y += self.y_speed
self.charector.rotation = min(self.rotation_vel, 90)
def jump(self):
self.y_speed = 7 * 1.5
self.rotation_vel = -35
bird_image = pyglet.image.load("yellowbird-midflap.png")
class Pipe:
tp = pyglet.image.load("down-pipe.png")
bp = pyglet.image.load("pipe.png")
def __init__(self):
self.top_pipe = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(self.tp, x = window.width + 100, y = random.randint(325, 484), batch=batch, group=pipes)
self.bottom_pipe = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(self.bp, x = window.width + 100, y = self.top_pipe.y - 125 - self.bp.height, batch=batch, group=pipes)
def update(self):
self.top_pipe.x -= 3
self.bottom_pipe.x -= 3
bird = Bird()
pipes = [Pipe()]
time_created_pipe = 50
def update_char(dt):
global time_created_pipe, pipes
if bird.alive:
bird.update()
for pipe in pipes:
pipe.update()
if pipe.top_pipe.x <= -100:
pipes.remove(pipe)
if time_created_pipe <= 0:
time_created_pipe = 50
pipes.append(Pipe())
time_created_pipe -= 1
def update_bg(dt):
if bird.alive:
background_1.x -= 0.5
background_2.x -= 0.5
if background_1.x <= -bg.width:
background_1.x = bg.width
if background_2.x <= -bg.width:
background_2.x = bg.width
base_1.x -= 1.5
base_2.x -= 1.5
if base_1.x <= -base.width:
base_1.x = base.width
if base_2.x <= -base.width:
base_2.x = base.width
#window.event
def on_mouse_press(x, y, button, modifiers):
if button == mouse.LEFT:
bird.jump()
#window.event
def on_draw():
window.clear()
batch.draw()
pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update_char, 1/60)
pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update_bg, 1/60)
pyglet.app.run()
But the second I run the code this happens:
back (most recent call last):
File "c:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\OneDrive\Desktop\HTCODEATHON PYTHON PRACTICE\Day4\flappy bird.py", line 105, in <module>
pyglet.app.run()
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\app\__init__.py", line 107, in run
event_loop.run()
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\app\base.py", line 169, in run
timeout = self.idle()
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\app\base.py", line 239, in idle
redraw_all = self.clock.call_scheduled_functions(dt)
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\clock.py", line 292, in call_scheduled_functions
item.func(now - item.last_ts, *item.args, **item.kwargs)
File "c:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\OneDrive\Desktop\HTCODEATHON PYTHON PRACTICE\Day4\flappy bird.py", line 73, in update_char
pipes.append(Pipe())
File "c:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\OneDrive\Desktop\HTCODEATHON PYTHON PRACTICE\Day4\flappy bird.py", line 50, in __init__
self.top_pipe = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(self.tp, x = window.width + 100, y = random.randint(325, 484), batch=batch, group=pipes)
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\sprite.py", line 246, in __init__
self._create_vertex_list()
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\sprite.py", line 391, in _create_vertex_list
self._vertex_list = self._batch.add(
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\graphics\__init__.py", line 366, in add
domain = self._get_domain(False, mode, group, formats)
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\graphics\__init__.py", line 443, in _get_domain
self._add_group(group)
File "C:\Users\Tejas&Shiva\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pyglet\graphics\__init__.py", line 468, in _add_group
if group.parent not in self.group_map:
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
My guess is there is a problem with the pipes list but I'm not sure why. Is there any solution to this?

The problem is that the name pipes is used twice. First is used for the OrderedGroup of pipes. In this group, the initial pipe batches are added:
pipes = pyglet.graphics.OrderedGroup(1)
However, it is then used for a list of pipes. The original group pipes is shadowed by the list of pipes and creating a new Pipe object fails:
pipes = [Pipe()]
Use different names for the group and the list. Rename list:
pipes_list = [Pipe()]
time_created_pipe = 50
def update_char(dt):
global time_created_pipe, pipes_list
if bird.alive:
bird.update()
for pipe in pipes_list:
pipe.update()
if pipe.top_pipe.x <= -100:
pipes_list.remove(pipe)
if time_created_pipe <= 0:
time_created_pipe = 50
pipes_list.append(Pipe())
time_created_pipe -= 1

How can I solve Attribute Error for Rendering using Python?

class MyRenderer(Renderer):
def __init__(self, svbrdf, mesh, camera, size):
super().__init__(size, 0, 500, camera, show=True)
self.renderables = [Renderable(material, {
'a_position': vertex_positions,
'a_normal': vertex_normals,
'a_tangent': vertex_tangents,
'a_bitangent': vertex_bitangents,
'a_uv': vertex_uvs,
}, len(self.lights))]
def update_uniforms(self):
self.program['cam_pos'] = linalg.inv(self.camera.view_mat())[:3, 3]
self.program['u_view_mat'] = self.camera.view_mat().T
self.program['u_model_mat'] = np.eye(4)
self.program['u_perspective_mat'] = self.camera.perspective_mat().T
for i, light in enumerate(self.lights):
self.program['light_position[{}]'.format(i)] = light.position
self.program['light_intensity[{}]'.format(i)] = light.intensity
self.program['light_color[{}]'.format(i)] = light.color
def draw(self):
gloo.clear(color=(1, 1, 1))
for renderable in self.renderables:
self.program = renderable.program
self.update_uniforms()
self.program.draw(gl.GL_TRIANGLES)
That code has AttributeError
('MyRenderer' object has no attribute renderables)
How to solve? please help me.

Python 2.7 strange behaviour of getPixel function with gtk

I have a problem with my pixel_at function in my code. Here are all necessary code snippets.
Here is my Helper module:
import gtk.gdk
def pixel_at(x, y):
gtk.gdk
rw = gtk.gdk.get_default_root_window()
pixbuf = gtk.gdk.Pixbuf(gtk.gdk.COLORSPACE_RGB, False, 8, 1, 1)
pixbuf = pixbuf.get_from_drawable(rw, rw.get_colormap(), x, y, 0, 0, 1, 1)
return tuple(pixbuf.pixel_array[0, 0])
Here is the Controller class for initilaizing:
import Sensors as sensor
import Scanner as sc
import pyautogui
import time
class GameController(object):
COLOR_DINOSAUR = (83, 83, 83)
def __init__(self):
self.offset = (230, 270) #hardcoded Offset
self.width = 600 # hardcoded but alwways the same
# Stores points (jumps)
self.points = 0
#Listeners
self.onGameEnd = None
self.onGameStart = None
self.onSensorData = None
#Game State
self.gameState = 'OVER'
self.sensor = sensor.Sensors()
self.Scanner = sc.Scanner()
Here is my main function:
import pyautogui
import Helper
import GameController as GC
def main():
print Helper.pixel_at(25, 5)
Controller = GC.GameController()
# Just test values for this function
Controller.Scanner.scanUntil([75, 124],
(-2, 0),
(83, 83, 83),
75 / 2)
Here is the code for the Scanner:
import pyautogui
import Helper
def scanUntil(self, start, step, matchColor, iterLimit):
iterations = 0
current = self.makeInBounds(start)
if step[X] == 0 and step[Y] == 0:
return None
while not self.isOutOfBound(current):
color = Helper.pixel_at(current[X], current[Y])
# to slow color = pyautogui.pixel(current[X], current[Y])
if color == matchColor: # Tuple comparison
return current
current[X] += step[X]
current[Y] += step[Y]
iterations += 1
if iterations > iterLimit:
return None
return None
This line color = Helper.pixel_at(current[X], current[Y]) in the Scanner throws the error: Fatal IO error 0 (Success) on X server :0. But the print Helper.pixel_at(25, 5)call in main() returns me the correct RGB tuple.
The error is thrown at pixbuf = pixbuf.get_from_drawable(rw, rw.get_colormap(), x, y, 0, 0, 1, 1) in the pixel_at(x,y) so I think it has something to do with this.
From the documentation at http://www.pygtk.org/pygtk2reference/class-gdkpixbuf.html#method-gdkpixbuf--get-from-drawable I got this clue: In other words, copies image data from a server-side drawable to a client-side RGB(A) buffer.
But I don´t understand this server-side and client side and why is it working in my first print call but not for color = Helper.pixel_at(current[X], current[Y])?

Passing functions as arguments

I know that something very basic is wrong here which I just fail to see. I'd really appreciate if somebody more experienced in Python could point out where I misunderstood things here. I post a simplified version of my code below. To trace back where the problems start, have an eye on the following:
The MainProgram, instanciated as Main = MainProgram(), has a menu (self.menu = Startmenu()) which is an instance of the Menu class. This Menu class has a list of buttons (self.buttons = [...]) - in this case only one. They are an instance of the Button class. I now need to pass the function to be triggered when the button is clicked to that instance of the Button class, so I can actually use it.
I would really be thankful to any more experienced user having a quick glance at it. I'm sure I'm failing to see something very basic. I bet I'm too tired to see it... Had only some 2 hours sleep since there's a baby in the house now :D
My code:
class MainProgram:
#Much much more code
def __init__(self):
#And so much more code here
self.menu = StartMenu()
class StartMenu:
def __init__(self):
#Much code which is not important to us here
self.buttons = [Button("d_bt_start", (100, 60)
, testfunc, "TEST-TEXT")]
class Button:
def __init__(self, image, pos = (0, 0), path = Paths.path_img
, alpha = False, func = None, args = None):
self.img_normal = helper.loadImage(path, image + "_normal.jpg", alpha)
self.img_hover = helper.loadImage(path, image + "_hover.jpg", alpha)
self.image = self.img_normal
self.pos = pos
self.x = pos[0]
self.y = pos[1]
self.width = self.x + self.image.get_width()
self.height = self.y + self.image.get_height()
self.mouseover = 0
self.func = func
self.args = args
def update(self, (mx, my)):
if (mx >= self.x and mx <= self.width and
my >= self.y and my <= self.height):
if self.mouseover == 0:
self.image = self.img_hover
self.mouseover = 1
else:
if self.mouseover == 1:
self.image = self.img_normal
self.mouseover = 0
def clicked(self, button):
if (mx >= self.x and mx <= self.width and
my >= self.y and my <= self.height):
if button == 1:
self.func(self.args)
What should happen: The main file creates an instance of the StartMenu class. In the StartMenu class we define one button as an instance of the Button class. That button should trigger the function testfunc(args) upon being clicked. This testfunction is so far just a print of the "TEST-TEXT" argument.
If I pass the function as
testfunc
then I get the following error Traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\main.py", line 41, in <module>
Main = MainProgram()
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\main.py", line 21, in __init__
self.menu = menus.StartMenu()
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\menus.py", line 11, in __init__
, zztestfile.testfunc, "TESTEST")
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\buttons.py", line 7, in __init__
self.img_normal = helper.loadImage(path, image + "_normal.jpg", alpha)
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\helper.py", line 13, in loadImage
return pygame.image.load(os.path.join(folder, name)).convert_alpha()
File "D:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 96, in join
assert len(path) > 0
TypeError: object of type 'function' has no len()
If I pass it as:
testfunc("TEST-TEXT")
it triggers but then causes the following Traceback:
TEST-TEXT
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\main.py", line 41, in <module>
Main = MainProgram()
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\main.py", line 21, in __init__
self.menu = menus.StartMenu()
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\menus.py", line 11, in __init__
, testfunc("TEST-TEXT"))
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\buttons.py", line 7, in __init__
self.img_normal = helper.loadImage(path, image + "_normal.jpg", alpha)
File "D:\Python27\_RPG DEMO\DEMO\helper.py", line 15, in loadImage
return pygame.image.load(os.path.join(folder, name)).convert()
File "D:\Python27\lib\ntpath.py", line 96, in join
assert len(path) > 0
TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()
I've gone through a few tutorials so far, but I really can't figure out where I'm misunderstanding them. I'd really appreciate any help in this!

You are passing your test function to the path argument of your Button class:
self.buttons = [Button("d_bt_start", (100, 60)
, testfunc, "TEST-TEXT")]
That's the 3rd positional argument there:
def __init__(self, image, pos = (0, 0), path = Paths.path_img
, alpha = False, func = None, args = None):
matching up with path. Use keyword arguments instead:
self.buttons = [Button("d_bt_start", (100, 60)
, func=testfunc, args="TEST-TEXT")]