Related
How do I call a function, using a string with the function's name? For example:
import foo
func_name = "bar"
call(foo, func_name) # calls foo.bar()
Given a module foo with method bar:
import foo
bar = getattr(foo, 'bar')
result = bar()
getattr can similarly be used on class instance bound methods, module-level methods, class methods... the list goes on.
Using locals(), which returns a dictionary with the current local symbol table:
locals()["myfunction"]()
Using globals(), which returns a dictionary with the global symbol table:
globals()["myfunction"]()
Based on Patrick's solution, to get the module dynamically as well, import it using:
module = __import__('foo')
func = getattr(module, 'bar')
func()
Just a simple contribution. If the class that we need to instance is in the same file, we can use something like this:
# Get class from globals and create an instance
m = globals()['our_class']()
# Get the function (from the instance) that we need to call
func = getattr(m, 'function_name')
# Call it
func()
For example:
class A:
def __init__(self):
pass
def sampleFunc(self, arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
m = globals()['A']()
func = getattr(m, 'sampleFunc')
func('sample arg')
# Sample, all on one line
getattr(globals()['A'](), 'sampleFunc')('sample arg')
And, if not a class:
def sampleFunc(arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
globals()['sampleFunc']('sample arg')
Given a string, with a complete python path to a function, this is how I went about getting the result of said function:
import importlib
function_string = 'mypackage.mymodule.myfunc'
mod_name, func_name = function_string.rsplit('.',1)
mod = importlib.import_module(mod_name)
func = getattr(mod, func_name)
result = func()
The best answer according to the Python programming FAQ would be:
functions = {'myfoo': foo.bar}
mystring = 'myfoo'
if mystring in functions:
functions[mystring]()
The primary advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the names of the functions. This is also the primary technique used to emulate a case construct
The answer (I hope) no one ever wanted
Eval like behavior
getattr(locals().get("foo") or globals().get("foo"), "bar")()
Why not add auto-importing
getattr(
locals().get("foo") or
globals().get("foo") or
__import__("foo"),
"bar")()
In case we have extra dictionaries we want to check
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
[locals().get, globals().get,
self.__dict__.get, __import__])
if x)),
"bar")()
We need to go deeper
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
([locals().get, globals().get, self.__dict__.get] +
[d.get for d in (list(dd.values()) for dd in
[locals(),globals(),self.__dict__]
if isinstance(dd,dict))
if isinstance(d,dict)] +
[__import__]))
if x)),
"bar")()
For what it's worth, if you needed to pass the function (or class) name and app name as a string, then you could do this:
myFnName = "MyFn"
myAppName = "MyApp"
app = sys.modules[myAppName]
fn = getattr(app,myFnName)
Try this. While this still uses eval, it only uses it to summon the function from the current context. Then, you have the real function to use as you wish.
The main benefit for me from this is that you will get any eval-related errors at the point of summoning the function. Then you will get only the function-related errors when you call.
def say_hello(name):
print 'Hello {}!'.format(name)
# get the function by name
method_name = 'say_hello'
method = eval(method_name)
# call it like a regular function later
args = ['friend']
kwargs = {}
method(*args, **kwargs)
As this question How to dynamically call methods within a class using method-name assignment to a variable [duplicate] marked as a duplicate as this one, I am posting a related answer here:
The scenario is, a method in a class want to call another method on the same class dynamically, I have added some details to original example which offers some wider scenario and clarity:
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, i):
self.i = i
def get(self):
func = getattr(MyClass, 'function{}'.format(self.i))
func(self, 12) # This one will work
# self.func(12) # But this does NOT work.
def function1(self, p1):
print('function1: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
def function2(self, p1):
print('function2: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
if __name__ == "__main__":
class1 = MyClass(1)
class1.get()
class2 = MyClass(2)
class2.get()
Output (Python 3.7.x)
function1: 12
function2: 12
none of what was suggested helped me. I did discover this though.
<object>.__getattribute__(<string name>)(<params>)
I am using python 2.66
Hope this helps
Although getattr() is elegant (and about 7x faster) method, you can get return value from the function (local, class method, module) with eval as elegant as x = eval('foo.bar')(). And when you implement some error handling then quite securely (the same principle can be used for getattr). Example with module import and class:
# import module, call module function, pass parameters and print retured value with eval():
import random
bar = 'random.randint'
randint = eval(bar)(0,100)
print(randint) # will print random int from <0;100)
# also class method returning (or not) value(s) can be used with eval:
class Say:
def say(something='nothing'):
return something
bar = 'Say.say'
print(eval(bar)('nice to meet you too')) # will print 'nice to meet you'
When module or class does not exist (typo or anything better) then NameError is raised. When function does not exist, then AttributeError is raised. This can be used to handle errors:
# try/except block can be used to catch both errors
try:
eval('Say.talk')() # raises AttributeError because function does not exist
eval('Says.say')() # raises NameError because the class does not exist
# or the same with getattr:
getattr(Say, 'talk')() # raises AttributeError
getattr(Says, 'say')() # raises NameError
except AttributeError:
# do domething or just...
print('Function does not exist')
except NameError:
# do domething or just...
print('Module does not exist')
In python3, you can use the __getattribute__ method. See following example with a list method name string:
func_name = 'reverse'
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(l)
>> [1, 2, 3, 4]
l.__getattribute__(func_name)()
print(l)
>> [4, 3, 2, 1]
Nobody mentioned operator.attrgetter yet:
>>> from operator import attrgetter
>>> l = [1, 2, 3]
>>> attrgetter('reverse')(l)()
>>> l
[3, 2, 1]
>>>
getattr calls method by name from an object.
But this object should be parent of calling class.
The parent class can be got by super(self.__class__, self)
class Base:
def call_base(func):
"""This does not work"""
def new_func(self, *args, **kwargs):
name = func.__name__
getattr(super(self.__class__, self), name)(*args, **kwargs)
return new_func
def f(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
def g(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
class Inherit(Base):
#Base.call_base
def f(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
#Base.call_base
def g(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
Inherit().f() # The goal is to print "BASE method invoked."
i'm facing the similar problem before, which is to convert a string to a function. but i can't use eval() or ast.literal_eval(), because i don't want to execute this code immediately.
e.g. i have a string "foo.bar", and i want to assign it to x as a function name instead of a string, which means i can call the function by x() ON DEMAND.
here's my code:
str_to_convert = "foo.bar"
exec(f"x = {str_to_convert}")
x()
as for your question, you only need to add your module name foo and . before {} as follows:
str_to_convert = "bar"
exec(f"x = foo.{str_to_convert}")
x()
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
You means get the pointer to an inner function from a module
import foo
method = foo.bar
executed = method(parameter)
This is not a better pythonic way indeed is possible for punctual cases
This is a simple answer, this will allow you to clear the screen for example. There are two examples below, with eval and exec, that will print 0 at the top after cleaning (if you're using Windows, change clear to cls, Linux and Mac users leave as is for example) or just execute it, respectively.
eval("os.system(\"clear\")")
exec("os.system(\"clear\")")
I'm having some problems. How we can define a function outside of a function that can be used in a class property? Also, how we can insert the self parameter into the function signature? I would like to visualize it like this:
>>> def a(self, x): #I thought maybe class will give "self" to this property function
... print(self)
...
>>> class aa:
... def __init__(self):
... pass
... #a
... def p():
... print('in it')
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 4, in aa
TypeError: a() missing 1 required positional argument: 'x'
I want to define a function outside but to use inside of a class. Like a class's method as a property. How can I do this?
It's not really clear what you want your out-of-class function to do. There are a bunch of possibilities, but you may not know the terminology yet to describe it to us.
Here's the three I think are most likely:
You may want your function to be a decorator. That means you can apply it to a method with #decorator syntax to other functions, including methods in a class.
For this to work, your function needs to be written to accept a function object as its only argument. Whatever it returns is what will replace the function or method it was being called on, so usually you want to return a callable, but you could instead return a descriptor like property does. Try something like this:
def decorator(func):
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("in the wrapper")
result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
print("wrapper is done")
return result
return wrapper
class Foo:
#decorator
def foo(self, x):
print("in foo(), x is", x)
f = Foo()
f.foo(1) # prints three messages
When you call the foo method, you're actually going to be calling the wrapper method that the decorator returned after it was applied to the original method (func). Because of how we wrote the wrapper, it will call func so the original method prints out its message too.
You may want to use property (a descriptor type) to call your out-of-class function. This is a less common way of using property than applying it as a decorator on a method, but it's not impossible. You could even have two different functions, one to be called when requesting the attribute, the other than will be called when setting it (but I'll demonstrate with just the getter):
def getter(obj):
print("in the getter")
return 1
class Foo2:
foo = property(getter)
f2 = Foo2()
print(f2.foo) # prints a message from the getter function first, then prints 1
Note that you can't use #decorator syntax when building a property this way. That is only legal syntax immediately before a function definition, and we're not defining any functions that way inside our class.
You may just want to copy a function defined outside of the class into it, without any decorator or property nonsense. This is the easiest one to do, it's just a simple assignment:
def func(self, x):
print("x is", x)
class Foo3:
method = func # just assign the global to a name in the class body
func = func # you can even use the same name if you don't mind confusing people
f3 = Foo3()
f3.method(1)
f3.func(2)
If you want to create a property that uses a function defined outside your class, it would be something like this:
def myfunc(self):
return self._p
class Foo:
def __init__(self, p):
self._p = p
p = property(myfunc)
f = Foo("Alpha")
f.p # gives "Alpha"
property accepts a function as its (first) argument. The function should have self as a parameter, and should return the value that you want the property to evaluate to.
How do I call a function, using a string with the function's name? For example:
import foo
func_name = "bar"
call(foo, func_name) # calls foo.bar()
Given a module foo with method bar:
import foo
bar = getattr(foo, 'bar')
result = bar()
getattr can similarly be used on class instance bound methods, module-level methods, class methods... the list goes on.
Using locals(), which returns a dictionary with the current local symbol table:
locals()["myfunction"]()
Using globals(), which returns a dictionary with the global symbol table:
globals()["myfunction"]()
Based on Patrick's solution, to get the module dynamically as well, import it using:
module = __import__('foo')
func = getattr(module, 'bar')
func()
Just a simple contribution. If the class that we need to instance is in the same file, we can use something like this:
# Get class from globals and create an instance
m = globals()['our_class']()
# Get the function (from the instance) that we need to call
func = getattr(m, 'function_name')
# Call it
func()
For example:
class A:
def __init__(self):
pass
def sampleFunc(self, arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
m = globals()['A']()
func = getattr(m, 'sampleFunc')
func('sample arg')
# Sample, all on one line
getattr(globals()['A'](), 'sampleFunc')('sample arg')
And, if not a class:
def sampleFunc(arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
globals()['sampleFunc']('sample arg')
Given a string, with a complete python path to a function, this is how I went about getting the result of said function:
import importlib
function_string = 'mypackage.mymodule.myfunc'
mod_name, func_name = function_string.rsplit('.',1)
mod = importlib.import_module(mod_name)
func = getattr(mod, func_name)
result = func()
The best answer according to the Python programming FAQ would be:
functions = {'myfoo': foo.bar}
mystring = 'myfoo'
if mystring in functions:
functions[mystring]()
The primary advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the names of the functions. This is also the primary technique used to emulate a case construct
The answer (I hope) no one ever wanted
Eval like behavior
getattr(locals().get("foo") or globals().get("foo"), "bar")()
Why not add auto-importing
getattr(
locals().get("foo") or
globals().get("foo") or
__import__("foo"),
"bar")()
In case we have extra dictionaries we want to check
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
[locals().get, globals().get,
self.__dict__.get, __import__])
if x)),
"bar")()
We need to go deeper
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
([locals().get, globals().get, self.__dict__.get] +
[d.get for d in (list(dd.values()) for dd in
[locals(),globals(),self.__dict__]
if isinstance(dd,dict))
if isinstance(d,dict)] +
[__import__]))
if x)),
"bar")()
For what it's worth, if you needed to pass the function (or class) name and app name as a string, then you could do this:
myFnName = "MyFn"
myAppName = "MyApp"
app = sys.modules[myAppName]
fn = getattr(app,myFnName)
Try this. While this still uses eval, it only uses it to summon the function from the current context. Then, you have the real function to use as you wish.
The main benefit for me from this is that you will get any eval-related errors at the point of summoning the function. Then you will get only the function-related errors when you call.
def say_hello(name):
print 'Hello {}!'.format(name)
# get the function by name
method_name = 'say_hello'
method = eval(method_name)
# call it like a regular function later
args = ['friend']
kwargs = {}
method(*args, **kwargs)
As this question How to dynamically call methods within a class using method-name assignment to a variable [duplicate] marked as a duplicate as this one, I am posting a related answer here:
The scenario is, a method in a class want to call another method on the same class dynamically, I have added some details to original example which offers some wider scenario and clarity:
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, i):
self.i = i
def get(self):
func = getattr(MyClass, 'function{}'.format(self.i))
func(self, 12) # This one will work
# self.func(12) # But this does NOT work.
def function1(self, p1):
print('function1: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
def function2(self, p1):
print('function2: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
if __name__ == "__main__":
class1 = MyClass(1)
class1.get()
class2 = MyClass(2)
class2.get()
Output (Python 3.7.x)
function1: 12
function2: 12
none of what was suggested helped me. I did discover this though.
<object>.__getattribute__(<string name>)(<params>)
I am using python 2.66
Hope this helps
Although getattr() is elegant (and about 7x faster) method, you can get return value from the function (local, class method, module) with eval as elegant as x = eval('foo.bar')(). And when you implement some error handling then quite securely (the same principle can be used for getattr). Example with module import and class:
# import module, call module function, pass parameters and print retured value with eval():
import random
bar = 'random.randint'
randint = eval(bar)(0,100)
print(randint) # will print random int from <0;100)
# also class method returning (or not) value(s) can be used with eval:
class Say:
def say(something='nothing'):
return something
bar = 'Say.say'
print(eval(bar)('nice to meet you too')) # will print 'nice to meet you'
When module or class does not exist (typo or anything better) then NameError is raised. When function does not exist, then AttributeError is raised. This can be used to handle errors:
# try/except block can be used to catch both errors
try:
eval('Say.talk')() # raises AttributeError because function does not exist
eval('Says.say')() # raises NameError because the class does not exist
# or the same with getattr:
getattr(Say, 'talk')() # raises AttributeError
getattr(Says, 'say')() # raises NameError
except AttributeError:
# do domething or just...
print('Function does not exist')
except NameError:
# do domething or just...
print('Module does not exist')
In python3, you can use the __getattribute__ method. See following example with a list method name string:
func_name = 'reverse'
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(l)
>> [1, 2, 3, 4]
l.__getattribute__(func_name)()
print(l)
>> [4, 3, 2, 1]
Nobody mentioned operator.attrgetter yet:
>>> from operator import attrgetter
>>> l = [1, 2, 3]
>>> attrgetter('reverse')(l)()
>>> l
[3, 2, 1]
>>>
getattr calls method by name from an object.
But this object should be parent of calling class.
The parent class can be got by super(self.__class__, self)
class Base:
def call_base(func):
"""This does not work"""
def new_func(self, *args, **kwargs):
name = func.__name__
getattr(super(self.__class__, self), name)(*args, **kwargs)
return new_func
def f(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
def g(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
class Inherit(Base):
#Base.call_base
def f(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
#Base.call_base
def g(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
Inherit().f() # The goal is to print "BASE method invoked."
i'm facing the similar problem before, which is to convert a string to a function. but i can't use eval() or ast.literal_eval(), because i don't want to execute this code immediately.
e.g. i have a string "foo.bar", and i want to assign it to x as a function name instead of a string, which means i can call the function by x() ON DEMAND.
here's my code:
str_to_convert = "foo.bar"
exec(f"x = {str_to_convert}")
x()
as for your question, you only need to add your module name foo and . before {} as follows:
str_to_convert = "bar"
exec(f"x = foo.{str_to_convert}")
x()
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
You means get the pointer to an inner function from a module
import foo
method = foo.bar
executed = method(parameter)
This is not a better pythonic way indeed is possible for punctual cases
This is a simple answer, this will allow you to clear the screen for example. There are two examples below, with eval and exec, that will print 0 at the top after cleaning (if you're using Windows, change clear to cls, Linux and Mac users leave as is for example) or just execute it, respectively.
eval("os.system(\"clear\")")
exec("os.system(\"clear\")")
How do I call a function, using a string with the function's name? For example:
import foo
func_name = "bar"
call(foo, func_name) # calls foo.bar()
Given a module foo with method bar:
import foo
bar = getattr(foo, 'bar')
result = bar()
getattr can similarly be used on class instance bound methods, module-level methods, class methods... the list goes on.
Using locals(), which returns a dictionary with the current local symbol table:
locals()["myfunction"]()
Using globals(), which returns a dictionary with the global symbol table:
globals()["myfunction"]()
Based on Patrick's solution, to get the module dynamically as well, import it using:
module = __import__('foo')
func = getattr(module, 'bar')
func()
Just a simple contribution. If the class that we need to instance is in the same file, we can use something like this:
# Get class from globals and create an instance
m = globals()['our_class']()
# Get the function (from the instance) that we need to call
func = getattr(m, 'function_name')
# Call it
func()
For example:
class A:
def __init__(self):
pass
def sampleFunc(self, arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
m = globals()['A']()
func = getattr(m, 'sampleFunc')
func('sample arg')
# Sample, all on one line
getattr(globals()['A'](), 'sampleFunc')('sample arg')
And, if not a class:
def sampleFunc(arg):
print('you called sampleFunc({})'.format(arg))
globals()['sampleFunc']('sample arg')
Given a string, with a complete python path to a function, this is how I went about getting the result of said function:
import importlib
function_string = 'mypackage.mymodule.myfunc'
mod_name, func_name = function_string.rsplit('.',1)
mod = importlib.import_module(mod_name)
func = getattr(mod, func_name)
result = func()
The best answer according to the Python programming FAQ would be:
functions = {'myfoo': foo.bar}
mystring = 'myfoo'
if mystring in functions:
functions[mystring]()
The primary advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the names of the functions. This is also the primary technique used to emulate a case construct
The answer (I hope) no one ever wanted
Eval like behavior
getattr(locals().get("foo") or globals().get("foo"), "bar")()
Why not add auto-importing
getattr(
locals().get("foo") or
globals().get("foo") or
__import__("foo"),
"bar")()
In case we have extra dictionaries we want to check
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
[locals().get, globals().get,
self.__dict__.get, __import__])
if x)),
"bar")()
We need to go deeper
getattr(next((x for x in (f("foo") for f in
([locals().get, globals().get, self.__dict__.get] +
[d.get for d in (list(dd.values()) for dd in
[locals(),globals(),self.__dict__]
if isinstance(dd,dict))
if isinstance(d,dict)] +
[__import__]))
if x)),
"bar")()
For what it's worth, if you needed to pass the function (or class) name and app name as a string, then you could do this:
myFnName = "MyFn"
myAppName = "MyApp"
app = sys.modules[myAppName]
fn = getattr(app,myFnName)
Try this. While this still uses eval, it only uses it to summon the function from the current context. Then, you have the real function to use as you wish.
The main benefit for me from this is that you will get any eval-related errors at the point of summoning the function. Then you will get only the function-related errors when you call.
def say_hello(name):
print 'Hello {}!'.format(name)
# get the function by name
method_name = 'say_hello'
method = eval(method_name)
# call it like a regular function later
args = ['friend']
kwargs = {}
method(*args, **kwargs)
As this question How to dynamically call methods within a class using method-name assignment to a variable [duplicate] marked as a duplicate as this one, I am posting a related answer here:
The scenario is, a method in a class want to call another method on the same class dynamically, I have added some details to original example which offers some wider scenario and clarity:
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, i):
self.i = i
def get(self):
func = getattr(MyClass, 'function{}'.format(self.i))
func(self, 12) # This one will work
# self.func(12) # But this does NOT work.
def function1(self, p1):
print('function1: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
def function2(self, p1):
print('function2: {}'.format(p1))
# do other stuff
if __name__ == "__main__":
class1 = MyClass(1)
class1.get()
class2 = MyClass(2)
class2.get()
Output (Python 3.7.x)
function1: 12
function2: 12
none of what was suggested helped me. I did discover this though.
<object>.__getattribute__(<string name>)(<params>)
I am using python 2.66
Hope this helps
Although getattr() is elegant (and about 7x faster) method, you can get return value from the function (local, class method, module) with eval as elegant as x = eval('foo.bar')(). And when you implement some error handling then quite securely (the same principle can be used for getattr). Example with module import and class:
# import module, call module function, pass parameters and print retured value with eval():
import random
bar = 'random.randint'
randint = eval(bar)(0,100)
print(randint) # will print random int from <0;100)
# also class method returning (or not) value(s) can be used with eval:
class Say:
def say(something='nothing'):
return something
bar = 'Say.say'
print(eval(bar)('nice to meet you too')) # will print 'nice to meet you'
When module or class does not exist (typo or anything better) then NameError is raised. When function does not exist, then AttributeError is raised. This can be used to handle errors:
# try/except block can be used to catch both errors
try:
eval('Say.talk')() # raises AttributeError because function does not exist
eval('Says.say')() # raises NameError because the class does not exist
# or the same with getattr:
getattr(Say, 'talk')() # raises AttributeError
getattr(Says, 'say')() # raises NameError
except AttributeError:
# do domething or just...
print('Function does not exist')
except NameError:
# do domething or just...
print('Module does not exist')
In python3, you can use the __getattribute__ method. See following example with a list method name string:
func_name = 'reverse'
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(l)
>> [1, 2, 3, 4]
l.__getattribute__(func_name)()
print(l)
>> [4, 3, 2, 1]
Nobody mentioned operator.attrgetter yet:
>>> from operator import attrgetter
>>> l = [1, 2, 3]
>>> attrgetter('reverse')(l)()
>>> l
[3, 2, 1]
>>>
getattr calls method by name from an object.
But this object should be parent of calling class.
The parent class can be got by super(self.__class__, self)
class Base:
def call_base(func):
"""This does not work"""
def new_func(self, *args, **kwargs):
name = func.__name__
getattr(super(self.__class__, self), name)(*args, **kwargs)
return new_func
def f(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
def g(self, *args):
print(f"BASE method invoked.")
class Inherit(Base):
#Base.call_base
def f(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
#Base.call_base
def g(self, *args):
"""function body will be ignored by the decorator."""
pass
Inherit().f() # The goal is to print "BASE method invoked."
i'm facing the similar problem before, which is to convert a string to a function. but i can't use eval() or ast.literal_eval(), because i don't want to execute this code immediately.
e.g. i have a string "foo.bar", and i want to assign it to x as a function name instead of a string, which means i can call the function by x() ON DEMAND.
here's my code:
str_to_convert = "foo.bar"
exec(f"x = {str_to_convert}")
x()
as for your question, you only need to add your module name foo and . before {} as follows:
str_to_convert = "bar"
exec(f"x = foo.{str_to_convert}")
x()
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
WARNING!!! either eval() or exec() is a dangerous method, you should confirm the safety.
You means get the pointer to an inner function from a module
import foo
method = foo.bar
executed = method(parameter)
This is not a better pythonic way indeed is possible for punctual cases
This is a simple answer, this will allow you to clear the screen for example. There are two examples below, with eval and exec, that will print 0 at the top after cleaning (if you're using Windows, change clear to cls, Linux and Mac users leave as is for example) or just execute it, respectively.
eval("os.system(\"clear\")")
exec("os.system(\"clear\")")
I want to write a function which returns the calling function:
def foo():
return get_calling_function() #should return 'foo' function object
There's numerous examples online how to get the calling function's name, but not how to get the actual object. I've come up with the following solution which gets the name, then looks it up in the calling function's global namespace. However this doesn't work for class functions since there you need the class name as well, and I image there's a bunch of other edge cases as well.
from inspect import stack
def get_calling_function():
return stack()[2][0].f_globals[stack()[1][3]]
So any advice how or if its possible to write this function so that it works generically (on Python 3, btw)? Thanks.
Calling can happen from any code object (and from an extension module/builtin): from exec, execfile, from module name space (during import), from within a class definition, from within a method / classmethod / staticmethod, from a decorated function/method, from within a nested function, ... - so there is no "calling function" in general, and the difficulty to do anything good with that.
The stack frames and their code objects are the most general you can get - and examine the attributes.
This one finds the calling function in many cases:
import sys, inspect
def get_calling_function():
"""finds the calling function in many decent cases."""
fr = sys._getframe(1) # inspect.stack()[1][0]
co = fr.f_code
for get in (
lambda:fr.f_globals[co.co_name],
lambda:getattr(fr.f_locals['self'], co.co_name),
lambda:getattr(fr.f_locals['cls'], co.co_name),
lambda:fr.f_back.f_locals[co.co_name], # nested
lambda:fr.f_back.f_locals['func'], # decorators
lambda:fr.f_back.f_locals['meth'],
lambda:fr.f_back.f_locals['f'],
):
try:
func = get()
except (KeyError, AttributeError):
pass
else:
if func.__code__ == co:
return func
raise AttributeError("func not found")
# Usage
def f():
def nested_func():
print get_calling_function()
print get_calling_function()
nested_func()
class Y:
def meth(self, a, b=10, c=11):
print get_calling_function()
class Z:
def methz(self):
print get_calling_function()
z = Z()
z.methz()
return z
#classmethod
def clsmeth(cls):
print get_calling_function()
#staticmethod
def staticmeth():
print get_calling_function()
f()
y = Y()
z = y.meth(7)
z.methz()
y.clsmeth()
##y.staticmeth() # would fail
It finds:
<function f at 0x012E5670>
<function nested_func at 0x012E51F0>
<bound method Y.meth of <__main__.Y instance at 0x01E41580>>
<bound method Z.methz of <__main__.Z instance at 0x01E63EE0>>
<bound method Z.methz of <__main__.Z instance at 0x01E63EE0>>
<bound method classobj.clsmeth of <class __main__.Y at 0x01F3CF10>>
However, it may fail to find the function, or find the wrong function, for example, finding the wrong decorator-generated wrapper when the same decorator is used on multiple functions with the same name in different scopes.