I am just getting started with Django (1.8) and I am a bit confused about how to modify my models.
If I go in and add a new field to an existing model, I start getting "No Such Column" error. So far, I've just been wiping my DB and starting over, but that gets annoying, is there a process for this?
What happens when I go to production? How would I modify the schema at that point? All the resources I see online are for South, which I guess is built into this version of django, but still can't find any solid info.
Thanks
In django 1.7+ there is no need of south.Only
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
If you're changing over from an existing app you made in django 1.7-, then you need to do one pre-step (as I found out) listed in the documentation:
python manage.py makemigrations your_app_label
Also try this
class Mymodel(models.Model):
myfiled = models.CharField()
# ...
class Meta:
managed = True
You can write you own sql command to add the missing column giving you that error.
first run:
python manage.py makemigrations --empty yourappname
then you can go to your app and find the newly generated migration file
having a code similar to the code below.
I'm not sure the kind of column you want add but inside operations in the below code, you put your sql command. In my example I'm just adding a character varying field.
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('app_name', '0002_auto_20150619_2439'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RunSQL('ALTER TABLE mytable ADD COLUMN mycolumn character varying(50) NOT NULL')
]
I hope this helps.
This is an extension to this question: How to move a model between two Django apps (Django 1.7)
I need to move a bunch of models from old_app to new_app. The best answer seems to be Ozan's, but with required foreign key references, things are bit trickier. #halfnibble presents a solution in the comments to Ozan's answer, but I'm still having trouble with the precise order of steps (e.g. when do I copy the models over to new_app, when do I delete the models from old_app, which migrations will sit in old_app.migrations vs. new_app.migrations, etc.)
Any help is much appreciated!
Migrating a model between apps.
The short answer is, don't do it!!
But that answer rarely works in the real world of living projects and production databases. Therefore, I have created a sample GitHub repo to demonstrate this rather complicated process.
I am using MySQL. (No, those aren't my real credentials).
The Problem
The example I'm using is a factory project with a cars app that initially has a Car model and a Tires model.
factory
|_ cars
|_ Car
|_ Tires
The Car model has a ForeignKey relationship with Tires. (As in, you specify the tires via the car model).
However, we soon realize that Tires is going to be a large model with its own views, etc., and therefore we want it in its own app. The desired structure is therefore:
factory
|_ cars
|_ Car
|_ tires
|_ Tires
And we need to keep the ForeignKey relationship between Car and Tires because too much depends on preserving the data.
The Solution
Step 1. Setup initial app with bad design.
Browse through the code of step 1.
Step 2. Create an admin interface and add a bunch of data containing ForeignKey relationships.
View step 2.
Step 3. Decide to move the Tires model to its own app. Meticulously cut and paste code into the new tires app. Make sure you update the Car model to point to the new tires.Tires model.
Then run ./manage.py makemigrations and backup the database somewhere (just in case this fails horribly).
Finally, run ./manage.py migrate and see the error message of doom,
django.db.utils.IntegrityError: (1217, 'Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails')
View code and migrations so far in step 3.
Step 4. The tricky part. The auto-generated migration fails to see that you've merely copied a model to a different app. So, we have to do some things to remedy this.
You can follow along and view the final migrations with comments in step 4. I did test this to verify it works.
First, we are going to work on cars. You have to make a new, empty migration. This migration actually needs to run before the most recently created migration (the one that failed to execute). Therefore, I renumbered the migration I created and changed the dependencies to run my custom migration first and then the last auto-generated migration for the cars app.
You can create an empty migration with:
./manage.py makemigrations --empty cars
Step 4.a. Make custom old_app migration.
In this first custom migration, I'm only going to perform a "database_operations" migration. Django gives you the option to split "state" and "database" operations. You can see how this is done by viewing the code here.
My goal in this first step is to rename the database tables from oldapp_model to newapp_model without messing with Django's state. You have to figure out what Django would have named your database table based on the app name and model name.
Now you are ready to modify the initial tires migration.
Step 4.b. Modify new_app initial migration
The operations are fine, but we only want to modify the "state" and not the database. Why? Because we are keeping the database tables from the cars app. Also, you need to make sure that the previously made custom migration is a dependency of this migration. See the tires migration file.
So, now we have renamed cars.Tires to tires.Tires in the database, and changed the Django state to recognize the tires.Tires table.
Step 4.c. Modify old_app last auto-generated migration.
Going back to cars, we need to modify that last auto-generated migration. It should require our first custom cars migration, and the initial tires migration (that we just modified).
Here we should leave the AlterField operations because the Car model is pointing to a different model (even though it has the same data). However, we need to remove the lines of migration concerning DeleteModel because the cars.Tires model no longer exists. It has fully converted into tires.Tires. View this migration.
Step 4.d. Clean up stale model in old_app.
Last but not least, you need to make a final custom migration in the cars app. Here, we will do a "state" operation only to delete the cars.Tires model. It is state-only because the database table for cars.Tires has already been renamed. This last migration cleans up the remaining Django state.
Just now moved two models from old_app to new_app, but the FK references were in some models from app_x and app_y, instead of models from old_app.
In this case, follow the steps provided by Nostalg.io like this:
Move the models from old_app to new_app, then update the import statements across the code base.
makemigrations.
Follow Step 4.a. But use AlterModelTable for all moved models. Two for me.
Follow Step 4.b. as is.
Follow Step 4.c. But also, for each app that has a newly generated migration file, manually edit them, so you migrate the state_operations instead.
Follow Step 4.d But use DeleteModel for all moved models.
Notes:
All the edited auto-generated migration files from other apps have a dependency on the custom migration file from old_app where AlterModelTable is used to rename the table(s). (created in Step 4.a.)
In my case, I had to remove the auto-generated migration file from old_app because I didn't have any AlterField operations, only DeleteModel and RemoveField operations. Or keep it with empty operations = []
To avoid migration exceptions when creating the test DB from scratch, make sure the custom migration from old_app created at Step 4.a. has all previous migration dependencies from other apps.
old_app
0020_auto_others
0021_custom_rename_models.py
dependencies:
('old_app', '0020_auto_others'),
('app_x', '0002_auto_20170608_1452'),
('app_y', '0005_auto_20170608_1452'),
('new_app', '0001_initial'),
0022_auto_maybe_empty_operations.py
dependencies:
('old_app', '0021_custom_rename_models'),
0023_custom_clean_models.py
dependencies:
('old_app', '0022_auto_maybe_empty_operations'),
app_x
0001_initial.py
0002_auto_20170608_1452.py
0003_update_fk_state_operations.py
dependencies
('app_x', '0002_auto_20170608_1452'),
('old_app', '0021_custom_rename_models'),
app_y
0004_auto_others_that_could_use_old_refs.py
0005_auto_20170608_1452.py
0006_update_fk_state_operations.py
dependencies
('app_y', '0005_auto_20170608_1452'),
('old_app', '0021_custom_rename_models'),
BTW: There is an open ticket about this: https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/24686
In case you need to move the model and you don't have access to the app anymore (or you don't want the access), you can create a new Operation and consider to create a new model only if the migrated model does not exist.
In this example I am passing 'MyModel' from old_app to myapp.
class MigrateOrCreateTable(migrations.CreateModel):
def __init__(self, source_table, dst_table, *args, **kwargs):
super(MigrateOrCreateTable, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.source_table = source_table
self.dst_table = dst_table
def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
table_exists = self.source_table in schema_editor.connection.introspection.table_names()
if table_exists:
with schema_editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute("RENAME TABLE {} TO {};".format(self.source_table, self.dst_table))
else:
return super(MigrateOrCreateTable, self).database_forwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('myapp', '0002_some_migration'),
]
operations = [
MigrateOrCreateTable(
source_table='old_app_mymodel',
dst_table='myapp_mymodel',
name='MyModel',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('name', models.CharField(max_length=18))
],
),
]
I've built a management command to do just that - move a model from one Django app to another - based on nostalgic.io's suggestions at https://stackoverflow.com/a/30613732/1639699
You can find it on GitHub at alexei/django-move-model
You can do this relatively straightforwardly, but you need to follow these steps, which are summarized from a question in the Django Users' Group.
Before moving your model to the new app, which we will call new, add the db_table option to the current model's Meta class. We will call the model that you want to move M. But you can do multiple models at once if you want to.
class M(models.Model):
a = models.ForeignKey(B, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
b = models.IntegerField()
class Meta:
db_table = "new_M"
Run python manage.py makemigrations. This generates a new migration file that will rename the table in the database from current_M to new_M. We will refer to this migration file as x later on.
Now move the models to your new app. Remove the reference to db_table because Django will automatically put it in the table called new_M.
Make the new migrations. Run python manage.py makemigrations. This will generate two new migrations files in our example. The first one will be in the new app. Verify that in the dependencies property, Django has listed x from the previous migrations file. The second one will be in the current app. Now wrap the operations list in both migrations files in a call to SeparateDatabaseAndState to be like so:
operations = [
SeparateDatabaseAndState([], [
migrations.CreateModel(...), ...
]),
]
Run python manage.py migrate. You are done. The time to do this is relatively fast because unlike some answers, you're not copying records from one table to the other. You are just renaming tables, which is a fast operation by itself.
After work was done I tried to make new migration. But I facing with following error:
ValueError: Unhandled pending operations for models:
oldapp.modelname (referred to by fields: oldapp.HistoricalProductModelName.model_ref_obj)
If your Django model using HistoricalRecords field don't forget add additinal models/tables while following #Nostalg.io answer.
Add following item to database_operations at the first step (4.a):
migrations.AlterModelTable('historicalmodelname', 'newapp_historicalmodelname'),
and add additional Delete into state_operations at the last step (4.d):
migrations.DeleteModel(name='HistoricalModleName'),
Nostalg.io's way worked in forwards (auto-generating all other apps FKs referencing it). But i needed also backwards. For this, the backward AlterTable has to happen before any FKs are backwarded (in original it would happen after that). So for this, i split the AlterTable in to 2 separate AlterTableF and AlterTableR, each working only in one direction, then using forward one instead of the original in first custom migration, and reverse one in the last cars migration (both happen in cars app). Something like this:
#cars/migrations/0002...py :
class AlterModelTableF( migrations.AlterModelTable):
def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
print( 'nothing back on', app_label, self.name, self.table)
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('cars', '0001_initial'),
]
database_operations= [
AlterModelTableF( 'tires', 'tires_tires' ),
]
operations = [
migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState( database_operations= database_operations)
]
#cars/migrations/0004...py :
class AlterModelTableR( migrations.AlterModelTable):
def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
print( 'nothing forw on', app_label, self.name, self.table)
def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
super().database_forwards( app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('cars', '0003_auto_20150603_0630'),
]
# This needs to be a state-only operation because the database model was renamed, and no longer exists according to Django.
state_operations = [
migrations.DeleteModel(
name='Tires',
),
]
database_operations= [
AlterModelTableR( 'tires', 'tires_tires' ),
]
operations = [
# After this state operation, the Django DB state should match the actual database structure.
migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState( state_operations=state_operations,
database_operations=database_operations)
]
This worked for me but I'm sure I'll hear why it's a terrible idea. Add this function and an operation that calls it to your old_app migration:
def migrate_model(apps, schema_editor):
old_model = apps.get_model('old_app', 'MovingModel')
new_model = apps.get_model('new_app', 'MovingModel')
for mod in old_model.objects.all():
mod.__class__ = new_model
mod.save()
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('new_app', '0006_auto_20171027_0213'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RunPython(migrate_model),
migrations.DeleteModel(
name='MovingModel',
),
]
Step 1: backup your database!
Make sure your new_app migration is run first, and/or a requirement of the old_app migration. Decline deleting the stale content type until you've completed the old_app migration.
after Django 1.9 you may want to step thru a bit more carefully:
Migration1: Create new table
Migration2: Populate table
Migration3: Alter fields on other tables
Migration4: Delete old table
Coming back to this after a couple of months (after successfully implementing Lucianovici's approach), It seems to me that it becomes much simpler if you take care to point db_table to the old table (if you only care about the code organisation and don't mind outdated names in the database).
You won't need AlterModelTable migrations, so there's no need for the custom first step.
You still need to change the models and relations without touching the database.
So what I did was just take the automatic migrations from Django and wrap them into migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState.
Note (again) that this only could work if you took care to point db_table to the old table for each model.
I'm not sure if something is wrong with this that I don't see yet, but it seemed to have worked on my devel system (which I took care to backup, of course). All data looks intact. I'll take a closer look to check if any problems come up...
Maybe it's also possible to later rename the database tables as well in a separate step, making this whole process less complicated.
Coming this is one a little late but if you want the easiest path AND don't care too much about preserving your migration history. The simple solution is just to wipe migrations and refresh.
I had a rather complicated app and after trying the above solutions without success for hours, I realized that I could just do.
rm cars/migrations/*
./manage.py makemigrations
./manage.py migrate --fake-initial
Presto! The migration history is still in Git if I need it. And since this is essentially a no-op, rolling back wasn't a concern.
I am trying to add two additional profile fields and have the native authentication work like normal.
I am trying to fallow the documentation here
and the SO here
In my settings file
#settings.py
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.User'
in my users.user model
#users/models.py
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.db import models
class User(AbstractUser):
foo = models.CharField(max_length=32, default='Blue')
bar = models.CharField(max_length=32, default='Blue')
print "user.user"
i have created 3 superusers non can log into admin. i have tried syncing the DB after adding a user. i have tried restating the dev server between adding a user.
the only time i see the output of print "user.user" is when i run the createsuperuser command.
i think i cant log in because the user is not really being created. it runs my User class and then skips actually creating the user. but i am kinda new to this so i could be way off and way out of my league.
why cant i log in and how do i add the two fields?
Have you read the warning in Django's documentation?
Changing AUTH_USER_MODEL has a big effect on your database structure. It changes the tables that are available, and it will affect the construction of foreign keys and many-to-many relationships. If you intend to set AUTH_USER_MODEL, you should set it before running manage.py syncdb for the first time.
If you have an existing project and you want to migrate to using a custom User model, you may need to look into using a migration tool like South to ease the transition.
Given this warning, are you working on a fresh database, or are you migrating using South? If you have an existing database and made these changes, then simply running syncdb will most likely no be sufficient.
If this is a development server without any important data, I would recreate your database, and then run ./manage.py syncdb. If you are using a SQLite database, then you can simply copy it to somewhere else (if you would like to keep the data), and run syncdb again to create a new database.
Here is the relevant documentation.
It would also be helpful to know exactly what error you are receiving. Do you attempt to login and admin tells you that your user/pass combination is not correct, or is there an actual error thrown? Your question doesn't quite make this clear.
The import statement import the needed parts. but is the "user" class already made when you put that into your installed apps? or do you still need to clarify in models.py in order to make the table in the db? or can someone expand on how to use django users and sessions? I'm looking over the django docs right now and they all just go over how to use the thing once. they never put the code in a syntax where users are going to be the ones using the code through a browser and not you through a python shell.
All installed apps can contribute to the database schema. django.contrib.auth.models contributes, among others, the auth_user table behind the django.contrib.auth.models.User model, therefore you do not have to worry about recreating it unless you have a specific reason to do so.
There's a number of things going on here. As you're aware, Django comes with a number of "contrib" packages that can be used in your app. You "activate" these by putting them into your INSTALLED_APPS.
When you run python manage.py syncdb, Django parse the models.py files of every app in INSTALLED_APPS and creates the associated tables in your database. So, once you have added django.contrib.auth to your INSTALLED_APPS and ran syncdb, the tables for User and Group are there and ready to be used.
Now, if you want to use these models in your other apps, you can import them, as you mention, with something like from django.contrib.auth.models import User. You can then do something like create a ForeignKey, OneToOneField or ManyToManyField on one of your models to the User model. When you do this, no tables are created (with the exception of ManyToManyField; more on that in a bit). The same table is always used for User, just as for any of your own models that you might create relationships between.
ManyToManyFields are slightly different in that an intermediary table is created (often called a "join table") that links both sides of the relationship together. However, this is purely for the purposes of that one particular relationship -- nothing about the actual User table is different or changed in any way.
The point is that one table is created for User and this same table is used to store all Users no matter what context they were created in. You can import User into any and all of your apps, create as many and as varied relationships as you like and nothing really changes as far as User is concerned.
If the table name or something else does not fit in your needs you can always just extend the User model.
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class Employee(User):
...
Any class extending Model class in models.py contributes to database schema. That means, django search your (and also django core) model.py files and looks for any class that extends Model like:
some models.py
class SomeModel(Model):
...
...
class Otherthing(Model):
...
that is also applies for django core code files. Since all Database tables named using application label and model name, database ables created by django also have that...
For example,
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
If you track file hierarchy django -> contrib -> auth and open models.py file, you will see related model. Ther are also other Model classes in here, like Permission and Group models.
Since these models are under auth application, database tables are auth_user, auth_perission and auth_group
When you run manage.py syncdb command for the first time, django will create these tables...