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I can't install "pip install python_bcrypt"

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: legacy-install-failure
× Encountered error while trying to install package.
╰─> python_bcrypt
I can't install the python_bcrypt in visual studio code anyone know how?

This is could be an issue of wheel package. Some projects don't have wheel package in their source. I tried doing the same on my machine. It's running Python v 3.10.7 and pip v 22.3.1. I faced some warnings but no errors during the installation.
pip install python_bcrypt
Collecting python_bcrypt
Downloading python-bcrypt-0.3.2.tar.gz (19 kB)
Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... done
Installing collected packages: python_bcrypt
DEPRECATION: python_bcrypt is being installed using the legacy 'setup.py install' method, because it does not have a 'pyproject.toml' and the 'wheel' package is not installed. pip 23.1 will enforce this behaviour change. A possible replacement is to enable the '--use-pep517' option. Discussion can be found at https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8559
Running setup.py install for python_bcrypt ... done
Successfully installed python_bcrypt-0.3.2
I would say try upgrading your pip, setuptools, wheels
python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip3 install wheel setuptools pip --upgrade

Error in pip install transformers: Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'

I'm building a docker image on cloud server via the following docker file:
# base image
FROM python:3
# add python file to working directory
ADD ./ /
# install and cache dependencies
RUN pip install --upgrade pip
RUN pip install RUST
RUN pip install transformers
RUN pip install torch
RUN pip install slack_sdk
RUN pip install slack_bolt
RUN pip install pandas
RUN pip install gensim
RUN pip install nltk
RUN pip install psycopg2
RUN pip install openpyxl
......
When installing the transformers package, the following error occurs:
STEP 5: RUN pip install transformers
Collecting transformers
Downloading transformers-4.15.0-py3-none-any.whl (3.4 MB)
Collecting filelock
......
Downloading click-8.0.3-py3-none-any.whl (97 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: tokenizers
Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml): started
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
command: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmp_3y7hw5q
cwd: /tmp/pip-install-bsy5f4da/tokenizers_e09b9f903acd40f0af4a997fe1d8fdb4
Complete output (50 lines):
running bdist_wheel
......
copying py_src/tokenizers/trainers/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.10/tokenizers/trainers
copying py_src/tokenizers/tools/visualizer-styles.css -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.10/tokenizers/tools
running build_ext
error: can't find Rust compiler
If you are using an outdated pip version, it is possible a prebuilt wheel is available for this package but pip is not able to install from it. Installing from the wheel would avoid the need for a Rust compiler.
To update pip, run:
pip install --upgrade pip
and then retry package installation.
If you did intend to build this package from source, try installing a Rust compiler from your system package manager and ensure it is on the PATH during installation. Alternatively, rustup (available at https://rustup.rs) is the recommended way to download and update the Rust compiler toolchain.
----------------------------------------
ERROR: Failed building wheel for tokenizers
ERROR: Could not build wheels for tokenizers, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects
Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
Failed to build tokenizers
subprocess exited with status 1
subprocess exited with status 1
error building at STEP "RUN pip install transformers": exit status 1
time="2022-01-18T07:24:56Z" level=error msg="exit status 1"
Dockerfile build failed - exit status 1exit status 1
I'm not very sure about what's happening here. Can anyone help me? Thanks in advance.

The logs say
error: can't find Rust compiler
You need to install a rust compiler. See https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install. You can modify the installation instructions for a docker image like this (from https://stackoverflow.com/a/58169817/5666087):
RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
ENV PATH="/root/.cargo/bin:${PATH}"

Just use a clean python=3.8 environment and try again.

As a pip install user, am I supposed to have wheel installed?

Consider the usual scenario - I want to create a virtual environment and install some packages. Say
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install databricks-cli
During the installation, I get an error
Building wheels for collected packages: databricks-cli
Building wheel for databricks-cli (setup.py) ... error
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
command: /home/paulius/Documents/wheeltest/venv/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-m7jmyh1m/databricks-cli/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-m7jmyh1m/databricks-cli/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-maxix98x
cwd: /tmp/pip-install-m7jmyh1m/databricks-cli/
Complete output (8 lines):
/tmp/pip-install-m7jmyh1m/databricks-cli/setup.py:24: DeprecationWarning: the imp module is deprecated in favour of importlib; see the module's documentation for alternative uses
import imp
usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
or: setup.py --help-commands
or: setup.py cmd --help
error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
----------------------------------------
ERROR: Failed building wheel for databricks-cli
While it is benign (the installation actually works), it is still annoying.
I know that pip install wheel resolves this, but wheel does not come with the virtual environment by default. So should I always add it to my requirements.txt, or maybe this is something that can be solved by the package maintainer (in this case databricks-cli) and hence I should open an issue in their Github?
Update: note that the wheel is not necessary to install wheels, in this example bunch of dependencies get successfully downloaded and installed as wheels. The only databricks-cli package gets the error, as it does not have a wheel, but for some reason, pip tries to build it.

Update 3:
To prevent it from the maintainer's perspective use:
setup_requires=["wheel"]
it looks like you're on Linux and using the pre-installed or otherwise modified Python and its setuptools.
I've experienced the same thing due to Debian cutting off parts of the packages in not quite a sane way and I have mainly had issues with the prebuilt python-setuptools and likes. Check if the version matches and if not, install setuptools from pip, that might help in the future.
I have setuptools 45.2.0 and had no issues installing the package as a wheel. Then I uninstalled wheel and dropped the cache dir and it installed it properly even from the tar.gz source.
Update 2:
It might or might not be resolved by requiring wheel package. If the setup.py expects bdist_wheel to be present prior to the installation (most likely), adding it to the setup() function will not help and a manual check for the package within the setup script (+ perhaps a reference in README) are necessary so an end-user can install it properly.
For example if it's not present on the system, just print a warning and call an exit(). That would be the least a maintainer should do.
Update:
Yes, in the case where you encounter bdist_wheel command missing you need to install wheel with pip instal wheel.
It's not required, but it's recommended. Pip will work just fine without wheels, but you'll be installing from source (tar.gz, .zip or .egg).
See the packaging discussion for whether to use wheel or egg (or source).

This was a pip bug, and the solution is to upgrade the pip. With the newest version things look fine:
(venv) paulius#xps:~/Documents/wheeltest$ pip install databricks-cli
Collecting databricks-cli
Using cached databricks-cli-0.14.3.tar.gz (54 kB)
Collecting click>=6.7
Using cached click-8.0.1-py3-none-any.whl (97 kB)
Collecting requests>=2.17.3
Using cached requests-2.26.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (62 kB)
Collecting six>=1.10.0
Using cached six-1.16.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (11 kB)
Collecting tabulate>=0.7.7
Using cached tabulate-0.8.9-py3-none-any.whl (25 kB)
Collecting idna<4,>=2.5
Using cached idna-3.2-py3-none-any.whl (59 kB)
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17
Using cached certifi-2021.5.30-py2.py3-none-any.whl (145 kB)
Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1
Using cached urllib3-1.26.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (138 kB)
Collecting charset-normalizer~=2.0.0
Using cached charset_normalizer-2.0.1-py3-none-any.whl (35 kB)
Using legacy 'setup.py install' for databricks-cli, since package 'wheel' is not installed.
Installing collected packages: urllib3, idna, charset-normalizer, certifi, tabulate, six, requests, click, databricks-cli
Running setup.py install for databricks-cli ... done
Successfully installed certifi-2021.5.30 charset-normalizer-2.0.1 click-8.0.1 databricks-cli-0.14.3 idna-3.2 requests-2.26.0 six-1.16.0 tabulate-0.8.9 urllib3-1.26.6
Note the Using legacy 'setup.py install' ... line.
This is a related issue in the pip github https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8302. Not exactly that, but there is an explanation in the comments on what's the wheel building logic supposed to by.

installing openbabel with pip for linux in venv

I am trying to install openbabel with pip on a linux computer without root access and also using a virtual environment. I run the following command
pip install openbabel --user --log LOG
and then I get the following error:
Collecting openbabel
Using cached openbabel-2.4.1.tar.gz (74 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: openbabel
Building wheel for openbabel (setup.py) ... error
ERROR: Failed building wheel for openbabel
Running setup.py clean for openbabel
Failed to build openbabel
Installing collected packages: openbabel
Running setup.py install for openbabel ... error
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /users/name/env_for_pymatgen/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-b51wnefv/openbabel/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-b51wnefv/openbabel/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-4207icvx/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /users/name/env_for_pymatgen/include/site/python3.6/openbabel Check the logs for full command output.
The main problems seems to be
Error: SWIG failed. Is Open Babel installed?
You may need to manually specify the location of Open Babel include and library directories. For example:
python setup.py build_ext -I/usr/local/include/openbabel-2.0 -L/usr/local/lib
python setup.py install
I see many people had similar issues with setup.py and they are advised to go to the directory and run the same command again, but I don't know what directory I should go to...
EDIT
Would it work if I download openbabel from github and give the path to it?

From my experience, instead of pip install <package_name>, download a wheel file from here which has python binaries built from source code found on PyPI.
After that, open a terminal where you downloaded .whl files and then type :
pip install nameOfYourFile.whl
in my case it's :
pip install openbabel-3.1.1-cp38-cp38-win32.whl
EDIT: be sure to download a version matching your python version otherwise the package will not install.
EDIT2:
I honestly didn't notice that the answer is focused on Linux, so to answer your question, your most reliable option is to build it from source with the python bindings and swig flags enabled, this can be done by following the compiling instructions.
Those instructions still work for the latest version of openbabel in the GitHub repo as of the date of this edit, and i could successfully compile a working openbabel with the python bindings (pybel) on Ubuntu 21.10.

Problems installing cryptography

So when I am trying to install cryptography via
python -m pip install cryptography
I get two error messages coming back:
Failed building wheel for cryptography
command "/usr/local/bin/python -c "import setuptools, tokenize;file='/private/var/folders/qf/57zhxjfn4hl95y8xg7l12xpm0000gn/T/pip-build-DBR7_Y/cryptography/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(file).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), file, 'exec'))" install --record /var/folders/qf/57zhxjfn4hl95y8xg7l12xpm0000gn/T/pip-msQ3gT-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/qf/57zhxjfn4hl95y8xg7l12xpm0000gn/T/pip-build-DBR7_Y/cryptography
Any ideas on how to fix this problem?

Like in your other post Trouble with running pip install
run your same command with sudo

may be its dependecies hang on your netword, you could install them first
in my case, it depend on idna, enum34, ipaddress, pycparser, so
pip install idna enum34 ipaddress pycparser
and then install cryptography
`pip install cryptography`
how to know cryptography's dependecies?
cryptography's dependecies depend on system environment, when it hang on, you can find the log like this, first line is its dependecies.
Installing collected packages: cryptography, idna, enum34, ipaddress, pycparser
Running setup.py install for cryptography
warning: no previously-included files matching 'yacctab.*' found under directory 'tests'
warning: no previously-included files matching 'lextab.*' found under directory 'tests'
warning: no previously-included files matching 'yacctab.*' found under directory 'examples'
warning: no previously-included files matching 'lextab.*' found under directory 'examples'
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...

In my case, I was running an old version of pip, getting this error message:
You are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 8.1.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
I simply updated to the newest version, I had no trouble installing:
pip install --upgrade pip