Develop Reference

how to upside down a text in python turtle.write() method?

nowadays I'm writing a program to fetch 4 poker cards from 52 poker cards randomly and I have to draw these pokers by python turtle module. Now here's my question: cause there's an upside-down number in pokers, just like this(the bottom right corner number)
at first I want to use this code to generate the numbers:
import turtle as do
def generate_digital(number, x, y, start_angle, size):
'''
this function generate '2-10'
parameters:
number: this is number you want to write
x and y: this is the pen's initial location
start_angle: the pen's initial direction
size: the number's size
'''
do.penup()
do.goto(x, y)
do.pensize(30)
do.setheading(start_angle)
do.write(number, font=("Arial", size, "normal"))
I want to use
do.settheading() to set the angle of the number, but I found that it didn't work! I can get a 5 but I can't get a upside-down 5 using the do.write() method......
Now, the only way myself can think of is to use this
def generate_photo_2(x, y, start_angle, size):
'''
this function generate a '2'
parameters:
just like last function
'''
do.penup()
do.goto(x, y)
do.pensize(3)
do.setheading(start_angle)
do.pendown()
do.circle(-size, 200)
do.fd(2 * size)
do.left(45)
do.fd(0.6 * size)
do.left(90)
do.fd(2 * size)
code to 'draw' a number, and by setting the start angle, I can 'draw' a upside-side number 2, but it causes a lot of trouble, isn't it?
Could anybody tells me how to write() a upside-down number?
Thank you very much!!!

turtle doesn't have function to display text upside down.
But turtle is built on top of tkinter module and Canvas widget which has method
create_text(x, y, text=.., angle=..., ...)
Working example
import turtle
c = turtle.getcanvas()
item_id = c.create_text(0, 0, text='5', angle=180, font=("Arial", 30, "normal"))
turtle.mainloop() # run tkinter event loop
Later you can change angle using item_id
c.itemconfig(item_id, angle=45)
Effbot.org: Canvas in tkinter.
BTW: I found information that only the newest tkinter with Tk 8.6 has angle=.
You can check version
import tkinter
print(tkinter.TkVersion)

Python SFML window goes dark after a few seconds

So I'm learning Python and wanted to try some graphics, so I'm giving SFML a try. I wrote the following program and everything seems good, but the window goes black and white after about 6 seconds (but it keeps drawing the sprite). Am I missing something that is causing the window to go "inactive"?
from sfml import sf
from math import *
texture = sf.Texture.from_file('gum.png')
sprite = sf.Sprite(texture)
i = 0
w = sf.RenderWindow(sf.VideoMode(1024, 768), "Sprite Test")
w.clear()
w.active = True
while w.is_open:
i += .1
if i == 180:
i = 0
#w.clear()
sprite.position = (cos(i) * i + 500, sin(i) * i + 350)
w.draw(sprite)
w.display()

You'll have to poll events. Otherwise the window won't respond to your window manager and be considered unresponsive (typically drawn in a different way, e.g. darkened or brighter).
I've never used the SFML bindings (so this might include bugs), but you'll most likely need something like this:
while w.is_open:
while w.poll_event(e):
# handle events here
i += .1
# Here follows your code as-is
w.display()

(Instantiating an array of Buttons, but only one works

I'm trying to create a GUI for a virtual board for the game Go. There should be an nxn grid of tiles where a player can place a stone, either black or white. Clicking on a tile will make it change from tan(the default) to black, click again to white, and click a third time to go back to tan. Player one can click once on a spot to place a stone there, and player two can click twice (you need to remove stones later, so three clicks resets it). I created a tile object and then used a nested for loop to instantiate 9 by 9 of them. Unfortunately, running the code only seems to produce 1 functional tile, not 81. This code should work on any python machine (I'm using Python 3.4), so you can try to run it and see for yourself. Can anyone point out the reason the loop is only running once?
from tkinter import *
window = Tk()
n = 9
"""
A tile is a point on a game board where black or white pieces can be placed. If there are no pieces, it remains tan.
The basic feature is the "core" field which is a tkinter button. when the color is changed, the button is configured to represent this.
"""
class tile(object):
core = Button(window, height = 2, width = 3, bg = "#F4C364")
def __init__(self):
pass
"""the cycle function makes the tile object actually change color, going between three options: black, white, or tan."""
def cycle(self):
color = self.core.cget("bg")
if(color == "#F4C364"): #tan, the inital value.
self.core.config(bg = "#111111")#white.
elif (color == "#111111"):
self.core.config(bg = "#DDDDDD")#black.
else:
self.core.config(bg = "#F4C364")#back to tan.
board = [] #create overall array
for x in range(n):
board.append([])#add subarrays inside it
for y in range(n):
board[x].append(tile())#add a tile n times in each of the n subarrays
T = board[x][y] #for clarity, T means tile
T.core.config(command = lambda: T.cycle()) #I do this now because cycle hadn't been defined yet when I created the "core" field
T.core.grid(row = x, column = y) #put them into tkinter.
window.mainloop()

As mhawke points out in his answer you need to make the core an instance variable, so that each Tile gets its own core.
And as I mention in my comment above, you also need to fix the Button's command callback function. The code you use in your question will call the .cycle() method of the current value of T, which happens to be the last tile created. So no matter where you click only the last tile changes color. One way to fix that is to pass the current tile as a default argument of the lambda function when you create it. But because you are using OOP to create your Tile there's a better way, which you can see below.
I've made a few modifications to your code.
Although many Tkinter examples use from tkinter import * it's not a good practice. When you do from some_module import * it brings all of the names from some_module into the current module (your script), which means you could accidentally override those names with your own names. Even worse, if you do import * with multiple modules each new module's names can clash with the previous module's names, and you have no way of knowing that's happened until you start getting mysterious bugs. Using import tkinter as tk means you need to do a little more typing, but it makes the resulting program less bug-prone and easier to read.
I've modified the __init__ method so that it is called with the window and the (x, y) location of the tile (it's customary to use x for the horizontal coordinate and y for the vertical coordinate). Each Tile object now keeps track of its current state, where 0=empty, 1=black, 2=white. This makes it easier to update the colors. And because we've passed in the window and (x, y) we can use that info to add the tile to the grid. The tile also remembers the location (in self.location), which may come in handy.
I've modified the cycle method so that it updates both the background color and the activebackground of the tile. So when the mouse hovers over the tile it changes to a color that's (roughly) halfway between its current color and the color it will turn if you click it. IMO, this is nicer than the tile always turning pale grey when the mouse hovers over it.
I've also optimized the code that creates all the tiles and stores them in the board list of lists.
import tkinter as tk
colors = (
#background, #activebackground
("#F4C364", "#826232"), #tan
("#111111", "#777777"), #black
("#DDDDDD", "#E8C8A8"), #white
)
class Tile(object):
""" A tile is a point on a game board where black or white pieces can be placed.
If there are no pieces, it remains tan.
The basic feature is the "core" field which is a tkinter button.
when the color is changed, the button is configured to represent this.
"""
def __init__(self, win, x, y):
#States: 0=empty, 1=black, 2=white
self.state = 0
bg, abg = colors[self.state]
self.core = tk.Button(win, height=2, width=3,
bg=bg, activebackground=abg,
command=self.cycle)
self.core.grid(row=y, column=x)
#self.location = x, y
def cycle(self):
""" the cycle function makes the tile object actually change color,
going between three options: black, white, or tan.
"""
#cycle to the next state. 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 0
self.state = (self.state + 1) % 3
bg, abg = colors[self.state]
self.core.config(bg=bg, activebackground=abg)
#print(self.location)
window = tk.Tk()
n = 9
board = []
for y in range(n):
row = [Tile(window, x, y) for x in range(n)]
board.append(row)
window.mainloop()

The problem is that core is a class variable which is created once and shared by all instances of class tile. It should be an instance variable for each tile instance.
Move core = Button(window, height = 2, width = 3, bg = "#F4C364") into tile.__init__() like this:
class Tile(object):
def __init__(self):
self.core = Button(window, height = 2, width = 3, bg = "#F4C364")

The root of the problem is that core is shared by all instances of the class by virtue of how you've defined it. You need to move creation of the button into the initializer.
I also suggest moving the configuration of the command into the button itself. The caller shouldn't need (nor care) how the button works internally. Personally I'd have the tile inherit from Button, but if you favor composition over inheritance I'll stick with that.
Example:
class tile(object):
def __init__(self):
self.core = Button(window, height = 2, width = 3, bg = "#F4C364"
command=self.cycle)

Python get mouse x, y position on click

Coming from IDL, I find it quite hard in python to get the x-y position of the mouse on a single left click using a method that is not an overkill as in tkinter. Does anyone know about a python package that contains a method simply returning x-y when the mouse is clicked (similar to the cursor method in IDL)?

There are a number of libraries you could use. Here are two third party ones:
Using PyAutoGui
A powerful GUI automation library allows you to get screen size, control the mouse, keyboard and more.
To get the position you just need to use the position() function. Here is an example:
>>>import pyautogui
>>>pyautogui.position()
(1358, 146)
>>>
Where 1358 is the X position and 146 is the Y position.
Relavent link to the documentation
Using Pynput
Another (more minimalistic) library is Pynput:
>>> from pynput.mouse import Controller
>>> mouse = Controller()
>>> mouse.position
(1182, 153)
>>>
Where 1182 is the X position and 153 is the second.
Documentation
This library is quite easy to learn, does not require dependencies, making this library ideal for small tasks like this (where PyAutoGui would be an overkill). Once again though, it does not provide so many features though.
Windows Specific:
For platform dependant, but default library options (though you may still consider them overkills) can be found here: Getting cursor position in Python.

Using PyMouse:
>>> import pymouse
>>> mouse = pymouse.PyMouse()
>>> mouse.position()
(231L, 479L)

As an example, for plot or images, it is possible to use the matplotlib tool called ginput.
At every click of the mouse the [x,y] coordinates of the selected point are stored in a variable.
# show image
fig, ax=plt.subplots()
ax.imshow(img)
# select point
yroi = plt.ginput(0,0)
using ginput(0,0) you can select any points on the plot or image.
here the link for the ginput documentation
https://matplotlib.org/3.1.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ginput.html

I made this the other day.
It a function to get color or pos on right click / left click:
#Add Any helpfull stuff in functions here for later use
def GetMouseInfos(WhatToGet="leaving emety will get you x and y", GetXOnly=False, GetYOnly=False, GetColor=False, Key='Right', OverrideKey=False):#gets color of whats under Key cursor on right click
try:
import win32api
except ModuleNotFoundError:
print("win32api not found, to install do pip install pywin32")
try:
import time
except ModuleNotFoundError:
print("time not found, to install do pip install time?")
try:
import pyautogui
except ModuleNotFoundError:
print("py auto gui not found, to install do pip install pyautogui")
#--------------------------------------------------------------
#above checks if needed modules are installed if not tells user
#code below is to get all varibles needed
#---------------------------------------------------------------
print(WhatToGet)
if OverrideKey:
Key_To_click = Key
if Key == 'Left':
Key_To_click = 0x01
if Key == 'Right':
Key_To_click = 0x02
if Key == 'Wheel':
Key_To_click = 0x04
state_left = win32api.GetKeyState(Key_To_click) # Left button up = 0 or 1. Button down = -127 or -128
IsTrue = True
while IsTrue:
a = win32api.GetKeyState(Key_To_click)
if a != state_left: # Button state changed
state_left = a
if a < 0:
global Xpos, Ypos
Xpos, Ypos = win32api.GetCursorPos()
x, y = pyautogui.position()
pixelColor = pyautogui.screenshot().getpixel((x, y))
else:
posnowX, posnowY = win32api.GetCursorPos()
win32api.SetCursorPos((posnowX, posnowY))
IsTrue = False#remove this for it to keep giving coords on click without it just quitting after 1 click
time.sleep(0.001)
#--------------------------------------------------------------------
#The Code above is the code to get all varibles and code below is for the user to get what he wants
#--------------------------------------------------------------------
if GetXOnly: #Checks if we should get Only X (def options) the command to do this would be GetKeyInfos("Click To get X ONLY", True)
if GetYOnly:
return(Xpos , Ypos)
if GetColor:
return(Xpos, pixelColor)
return(Xpos)
if GetYOnly: #Checks if we should get Only Y (def options) the command to do this would be GetKeyInfos("Click To get X ONLY",False, True)
if GetXOnly:
return(Xpos , Ypos)
if GetColor:
return(Ypos, pixelColor)
return(Ypos)
if GetColor:
return(pixelColor) #Checks
return(Xpos, Ypos)
# getKeyinfos("Anything here without any other guidelines will give u x and y only on right click")

Use pygame
import pygame
mouse_pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
This returns the x and y position of the mouse.
See this website: https://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/mouse.html#pygame.mouse.set_pos

Here is an example for canvas with tkinter:
def callback(event):
print("clicked at: ", event.x, event.y)
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", callback)

For turtle :
def get_mouse_click_coor(x, y):
print(x, y)
turtle.onscreenclick(get_mouse_click_coor)

Capture the coordinates (x,y) of the mouse, when clicking with the left button, without using Tkinter?
It's simple:
Install pynput (use pip install pynput (without the 'i').
Copy and paste this code into your editor:
from pynput.mouse import Listener
def on_click(x, y, button, pressed):
x = x
y = y
print('X =', x, '\nY =', y)
with Listener(on_click=on_click) as listener:
listener.join()
I hope this help you =D

You all are making it too hard, its just as easy as:
import pyautogui as pg
pos = pg.position()
# for x pos
print(pos[0])
# for y pos
print(pos[1])

Get window position and size in python with Xlib

I need to find window position and size, but I cannot figure out how. For example if I try:
id.get_geometry() # "id" is Xlib.display.Window
I get something like this:
data = {'height': 2540,
'width': 1440,
'depth': 24,
'y': 0, 'x': 0,
'border_width': 0
'root': <Xlib.display.Window 0x0000026a>
'sequence_number': 63}
I need to find window position and size, so my problem is: "y", "x" and "border_width" are always 0; even worse, "height" and "width" are returned without window frame.
In this case on my X screen (its dimensions are 4400x2560) I expected x=1280, y=0, width=1440, height=2560.
In other words I'm looking for python equivalent for:
#!/bin/bash
id=$1
wmiface framePosition $id
wmiface frameSize $id
If you think Xlib is not what I want, feel free to offer non-Xlib solution in python if it can take window id as argument (like the bash script above). Obvious workaround to use output of the bash script in python code does not feel right.

You are probably using reparenting window manager, and because of this id window has zero x and y. Check coordinates of parent window (which is window manager frame)

Liss posted the following solution as a comment:
from ewmh import EWMH
ewmh = EWMH()
def frame(client):
frame = client
while frame.query_tree().parent != ewmh.root:
frame = frame.query_tree().parent
return frame
for client in ewmh.getClientList():
print frame(client).get_geometry()
I'm copying it here because answers should contain the actual answer, and to prevent link rot.

Here's what I came up with that seems to work well:
from collections import namedtuple
import Xlib.display
disp = Xlib.display.Display()
root = disp.screen().root
MyGeom = namedtuple('MyGeom', 'x y height width')
def get_absolute_geometry(win):
"""
Returns the (x, y, height, width) of a window relative to the top-left
of the screen.
"""
geom = win.get_geometry()
(x, y) = (geom.x, geom.y)
while True:
parent = win.query_tree().parent
pgeom = parent.get_geometry()
x += pgeom.x
y += pgeom.y
if parent.id == root.id:
break
win = parent
return MyGeom(x, y, geom.height, geom.width)
Full example here.

In the same idea as #mgalgs, but more direct, I ask the root window to translate the (0,0) coordinate of the target window :
# assuming targetWindow is the window you want to know the position of
geometry = targetWindow.get_geometry()
position = geometry.root.translate_coords(targetWindow.id, 0, 0)
# coordinates are in position.x and position.y
# if you are not interested in the geometry, you can do directly
import Xlib.display
position = Xlib.display.Display().screen().root.translate_coords(targetWindow.id, 0, 0)
This gives the position of the client region of the targeted window (ie. without borders, title bar and shadow decoration created by the window manage). If you want to include them, replace targetWindow with targetWindow.query_tree().parent (or second parent).
Tested with KUbuntu 20.04 (ie KDE, Plasma and KWin decoration).