Develop Reference

TypeError: next_turn() missing 1 required positional argument: 'food'

After snake dies "Game over" is display in the window and after player click game should start again. I don't know how to make this. I try to call function after click but I see this error: "TypeError: next_turn() missing 1 required positional argument: 'food'" , adding food as argument in functions not help.
type from tkinter import *
import random
GAME_WIDTH = 700
GAME_HEIGHT = 700
SPEED = 70
SPACE_SIZE = 20
BODY_PARTS = 3
SNAKE_COLOR = "#00FF00"
FOOD_COLOR = "#FF0000"
BACKGROUND_COLOR = "#000000"
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
self.body_size = BODY_PARTS
self.coordinates = []
self.squares = []
for i in range(0, BODY_PARTS):
self.coordinates.append([0, 0])
for x, y in self.coordinates:
square = canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=SNAKE_COLOR, tag="snake")
self.squares.append(square)
class Food:
def __init__(self):
x = random.randint(0, (GAME_WIDTH / SPACE_SIZE) - 1) * SPACE_SIZE
y = random.randint(0, (GAME_HEIGHT / SPACE_SIZE) - 1) * SPACE_SIZE
self.coordinates = [x, y]
canvas.create_oval(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=FOOD_COLOR, tag="food")
def next_turn(snake, food):
x, y = snake.coordinates[0]
if direction == "up":
y -= SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "down":
y += SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "left":
x -= SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "right":
x += SPACE_SIZE
snake.coordinates.insert(0, (x, y))
square = canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=SNAKE_COLOR)
snake.squares.insert(0, square)
if x == food.coordinates[0] and y == food.coordinates[1]:
global score
score += 1
label.config(text="Score:{}".format(score))
canvas.delete('food')
food = Food()
global SPEED
SPEED -= 1
else:
del snake.coordinates[-1]
canvas.delete(snake.squares[-1])
del snake.squares[-1]
if check_collisions(snake):
game_over()
else:
window.after(SPEED, next_turn, snake, food)
def change_direction(new_direction):
global direction
if new_direction == 'left':
if direction != 'right':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'right':
if direction != 'left':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'up':
if direction != 'down':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'down':
if direction != 'up':
direction = new_direction
def check_collisions(snake):
x, y = snake.coordinates[0]
if x < 0 or x >= GAME_WIDTH:
return True
elif y < 0 or y >= GAME_HEIGHT:
return True
for body_part in snake.coordinates[1:]:
if x == body_part[0] and y == body_part[1]:
return True
return False
def game_over():
canvas.delete(ALL)
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height()/2, font=("consolas", 70), text="GAME OVER", fill="red", tag="gameover")
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height() - 200, font=("consolas", 20), text="click to play", fill="red", tag="para")
window.bind('<Button-1>', next_turn)
# HERE-----------------------------------------------------------
window = Tk()
window.title("Snake game")
window.resizable(False, False)
score = 0
direction = "down"
label = Label(window, text="Score:{}".format(score), font=('consolas', 40))
label.pack()
canvas = Canvas(window, bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR, height=GAME_HEIGHT, width=GAME_WIDTH)
canvas.pack()
window.update()
window_width = window.winfo_width()
window_height = window.winfo_height()
screen_width = window.winfo_screenwidth()
screen_height = window.winfo_screenheight()
x = int((screen_width/2) - (window_width/2))
y = int((screen_height/2) - (window_height/2))
window.geometry(f"{window_width}x{window_height}+{x}+{y}")
window.bind('<a>', lambda event: change_direction('left'))
window.bind('<d>', lambda event: change_direction('right'))
window.bind('<w>', lambda event: change_direction('up'))
window.bind('<s>', lambda event: change_direction('down'))
snake = Snake()
food = Food()
next_turn(snake, food)
window.mainloop()

Try this
...
def replay(dummy):
canvas.delete(ALL)
snake = Snake()
food = Food()
next_turn(snake, food)
def game_over():
canvas.delete(ALL)
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height()/2, font=("consolas", 70), text="GAME OVER", fill="red", tag="gameover")
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height() - 200, font=("consolas", 20), text="click to play", fill="red", tag="para")
window.bind('<Button-1>', replay)
...

One problem I see is with:
window.bind('<Button-1>', next_turn)
bind method expects a function that accepts one argument event. next_turn expects two.

Unable to record the score and high score properly

I'm tryin to make a snake game, but I am unable to record the score and high-score properly. Whenever the snake collects an item, all that happens is that the high score increases, but not the general score.
from tkinter import *
from settings import *
import random
import turtle
import pygame as pg
import keyboard
from os import path
global game_state
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
self.body_size = BODY_PARTS
self.coordinates = []
self.squares = []
for i in range(0, BODY_PARTS):
self.coordinates.append([0, 0])
for x, y in self.coordinates:
square = canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=SNAKE_COLOR, tag="snake")
self.squares.append(square)
class Food:
def __init__(self):
x = random.randint(0, (GAME_WIDTH / SPACE_SIZE)-1) * SPACE_SIZE
y = random.randint(0, (GAME_HEIGHT / SPACE_SIZE) - 1) * SPACE_SIZE
self.coordinates = [x, y]
canvas.create_oval(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=FOOD_COLOR, tag="food")
class TryAgain:
def __init__(self):
x = (GAME_WIDTH / SPACE_SIZE)-1 * SPACE_SIZE
y = (GAME_HEIGHT / SPACE_SIZE) - 1 * SPACE_SIZE
self.coordinates = [x, y]
def show_title_screen():
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height()/4,
font=('times new roman',70), text="SNAKE!", fill="Green", tag="title")
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height()/2,
font=('times new roman',22), text="Use the arrow keys to move", fill="Green", tag="title")
def next_turn(snake, food):
x, y = snake.coordinates[0]
if direction == "up":
y -= SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "down":
y += SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "left":
x -= SPACE_SIZE
elif direction == "right":
x += SPACE_SIZE
snake.coordinates.insert(0, (x, y))
square = canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x + SPACE_SIZE, y + SPACE_SIZE, fill=SNAKE_COLOR)
snake.squares.insert(0, square)
if x == food.coordinates[0] and y == food.coordinates[1]:
global score
global high_score
score += 1
label.config(text="Score:{}".format(score))
if score >= high_score:
high_score = score
label.config(text="High Score:{}".format(high_score))
canvas.delete("food")
food = Food()
else:
del snake.coordinates[-1]
canvas.delete(snake.squares[-1])
del snake.squares[-1]
if check_collisions(snake):
game_over()
else:
window.after(SPEED, next_turn, snake, food)
def change_direction(new_direction):
global direction
if new_direction == 'left':
if direction != 'right':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'right':
if direction != 'left':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'up':
if direction != 'down':
direction = new_direction
elif new_direction == 'down':
if direction != 'up':
direction = new_direction
def check_collisions(snake):
x, y = snake.coordinates[0]
if x < 0 or x >= GAME_WIDTH:
return True
elif y < 0 or y >= GAME_HEIGHT:
return True
for body_part in snake.coordinates[1:]:
if x == body_part[0] and y == body_part[1]:
return True
return False
def game_over():
canvas.delete(ALL)
canvas.create_text(canvas.winfo_width()/2, canvas.winfo_height()/4,
font=('times new roman',70), text="GAME OVER", fill="orange", tag="gameover")
button = TryAgain()
def load_data(self):
self.dir = path.dirname(__dirname__)
with open(path.join(self.dir, HS_FILE), 'w') as f:
try:
self.highscore = int(f.read())
except:
self.highscore = 0
window = Tk()
window.title("Snake game")
window.resizable(False, False)
score = 0
high_score = 0
direction = 'down'
label = Label(window, text="Score:{}".format(score), font=('times new roman', 40))
label.pack()
label = Label(window, text="High Score:{}".format(high_score), font=('times new roman', 40))
label.pack()
canvas = Canvas(window, bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR, height=GAME_HEIGHT, width=GAME_WIDTH)
canvas.pack()
window.update()
window_width = window.winfo_width()
window_height = window.winfo_height()
screen_width = window.winfo_screenwidth()
screen_height = window.winfo_screenheight()
x = int((screen_width/2) - (window_width/2))
y = int((screen_height/2) - (window_height/2))
window.geometry(f"{window_width}x{window_height}+{x}+{y}")
show_title_screen()
window.bind('<Left>', lambda event: change_direction('left'))
window.bind('<Right>', lambda event: change_direction('right'))
window.bind('<Up>', lambda event: change_direction('up'))
window.bind('<Down>', lambda event: change_direction('down'))
snake = Snake()
food = Food()
next_turn(snake, food)
window.mainloop()
In one instance, I tried to rearrange the canvas codes that involved "score" and "high score", and tried to make it so that when the high score is greater than the score, it would start counting, but that still doesn't work.

I don't know anything about tkinter. But I think the problem is due to this:
label = Label(window, text="Score:{}".format(score), font=('times new roman', 40))
label.pack()
label = Label(window, text="High Score:{}".format(high_score), font=('times new roman', 40))
label.pack()
You're using the same variable name for both labels.
And then when you update the scores:
score += 1
label.config(text="Score:{}".format(score))
if score >= high_score:
high_score = score
label.config(text="High Score:{}".format(high_score))
The variable name label refers only to the high score label.
I think you can fix this by using different variable names for the two labels, i.e. something like score_label and high_score_label.

why am i getting a trace back in my code for my move ball command as it is stopping the rest of my code from running

i am making a pong game
i managed to code the ball to bounce around the window
but it seems that the code, for using user input to get the rectangles to move isn't working.
when i run the code i have been getting a traceback to my move.ball command relating to making the ball bounce, and i believe that may be stopping the rest of the code from running. I have included the full code in case any errors can be spotted in it.
from tkinter import *
import tkinter as tkr
import time
tk = tkr.Tk()
Canvas = tkr.Canvas(tk, width=300, height=400)
Canvas.grid()
ball = Canvas.create_oval(3,3,40,40,fill="light blue")
player1 = Canvas.create_rectangle(20,5,90,30,fill="black")
Canvas.moveto(player1, 120, 380)
player2 = Canvas.create_rectangle(20,5,90,30,fill="black")
Canvas.moveto(player2, 120, -5)
x = 1
y = 3
while True:
Canvas.move(ball,x,y)
pos = Canvas.coords(ball)
if pos[3] >= 400 or pos[1] <= 0:
y = -y
if pos[2] >= 300 or pos[0] <= 0:
x = -x
tk.update()
time.sleep(0.025)
pass
tk.mainloop()
def left(event):
x == -10
y == 0
Canvas.move(player1, x, y)
def right(event):
x == 10
y == 0
Canvas.move(player1, x, y)
def up(event):
x == 0
y == -10
Canvas.move(player1, x, y)
def down(event):
x == -10
y == 0
Canvas.move(player1, x, y)
root.bind("<Left>", left)
root.bind("<Right>", right)
root.bind("<Up>", up)
root.bind("<Down>", down)
tk.mainloop()
i am getting this trace back-
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/amarb/Desktop/code/pong.py", line 15, in <module>
Canvas.move(ball,x,y)
File "C:\Users\amarb\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 2949, in move
self.tk.call((self._w, 'move') + args)
_tkinter.TclError: invalid command name ".!canvas"

.!canvas is the internal identifier of the canvas widget that you created. This error is happening because you try to run code after mainloop() returns, which is after the window being destroyed. You can't interact with widgets after they have been destroyed.

Edit: New. How to get the paddle moving and hit the paddle. I only used one player at a time. You will do the rest. I had to modify some and add some new functions. I am using new python 3.11.0b3.
from tkinter import *
import tkinter as tkr
import time
import random
tk = tkr.Tk()
width=300
height=400
Canvas = tkr.Canvas(tk, width=width, height=height)
Canvas.pack()
tk.update()
ball = Canvas.create_oval(3,3,25,25,fill="red")
Canvas.move(ball, 245, 100)
starts = [-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3]
random.shuffle(starts)
ball_x = starts[0]
ball_y = 3
player1 = Canvas.create_rectangle(20,5,90,30,fill="black")
Canvas.moveto(player1, 180, 380)
player2 = Canvas.create_rectangle(20,5,90,30,fill="blue")
Canvas.move(player2, 120, -5)
paddle_x = 0
def hit_bat(pos):
bat_pos = Canvas.coords(player1) #retrieve the coordinates of the bat position - note the ball coordinates are being passed
if pos[2] >= bat_pos[0] and pos[0] <= bat_pos[2]: #if the right side of the ball (that is the x right hand coordinate) is greater than the left side of the bat, AND the left side of the ball is less than the right side of the bat ....move etc
if pos[3]>= bat_pos[1] and pos[3] <= bat_pos[3]: #if the bottom of the ball (pos[3]) is between the paddle's top [bat pos[1]) and bottom (pos[3])
return True
return False
def draw_ball():
global ball_x, ball_y
Canvas.move(ball, ball_x, ball_y)
pos = Canvas.coords(ball)
if pos[1] <= 0:
ball_y = 6
if pos[3] >= height:
ball_y = -6
#Call the hit_bat function
if hit_bat(pos) == True: #if the hit_bat function returns a value of True, the direction of the ball is changed
ball_y = -6 #if the ball hits the bat, then send the ball flying up at a rate of -6 (higher the number the faster the fly!)
if pos[0] <= 0:
ball_x = 6
if pos[2]>= width:
ball_x = -6
tk.update()
def hit_paddle(pos):
paddle_pos = Canvas.coords(ball)
if pos[2] >= paddle_pos[0] and pos[0] <= paddle_pos[2]:
if pos[3] >= paddle_pos[1] and pos[3] <= paddle_pos[3]:
return True
return False
def draw_paddle():
global paddle_x
Canvas.move(player1, paddle_x, 0)
pos = Canvas.coords(player1)
if pos[0] <= 0:
paddle_x = 0
elif pos[2] >= width:
paddle_x = 0
time.sleep(0.02)
tk.update()
def move_left(event):
global paddle_x
paddle_x = -2
def move_right(event):
global paddle_x
paddle_x = 2
Canvas.bind_all("<KeyPress-Left>", move_left)
Canvas.bind_all("<KeyPress-Right>", move_right)
while True:
draw_ball()
draw_paddle()
New image:

PHYTON: _tkinter.TclError: invalid command name ".!canvas"

My 9 year-old son is studying Python and he faced below problem in his code (bubble breaker game):
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "M:\Yandex disk\YandexDisk\ДЕТКИ\python modules\Bubble Blaster.py", line 55, in <module>
move_bubbles()
File "M:\Yandex disk\YandexDisk\ДЕТКИ\python modules\Bubble Blaster.py", line 48, in
move_bubbles
c.move(bub_id[i], -bub_speed[i], 0)
File "C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line
2949, in move
self.tk.call((self._w, 'move') + args)
_tkinter.TclError: invalid command name ".!canvas"*
I've rechecked the whole code twice but can't find any mistake.
Here is the whole code:
from tkinter import *
HEIGHT = 1080
WIDTH = 1920
window = Tk()
window.title('Bubble Blaster')
c = Canvas(window, width=WIDTH, height=HEIGHT, bg='darkblue')
c.pack()
ship_id = c.create_polygon(5, 5, 5, 25, 30, 15, fill='red')
ship_id2 = c.create_oval(0, 0, 30, 30, outline='red')
SHIP_R = 15
MID_X = WIDTH / 2
MID_Y = HEIGHT / 2
c.move(ship_id, MID_X, MID_Y)
c.move(ship_id2, MID_X, MID_Y)
SHIP_SPD = 10
def move_ship(event):
if event.keysym == 'Up':
c.move(ship_id, 0, -SHIP_SPD)
c.move(ship_id2, 0, -SHIP_SPD)
elif event.keysym == 'Down':
c.move(ship_id, 0, SHIP_SPD)
c.move(ship_id2, 0, SHIP_SPD)
elif event.keysym == 'Left':
c.move(ship_id, -SHIP_SPD, 0)
c.move(ship_id2, -SHIP_SPD, 0)
elif event.keysym == 'Right':
c.move(ship_id, SHIP_SPD, 0)
c.move(ship_id2, SHIP_SPD, 0)
c.bind_all('<Key>', move_ship)
from random import randint
bub_id = list()
bub_r = list()
bub_speed = list()
MIN_BUB_R = 10
MAX_BUB_R = 30
MAX_BUB_SPD = 10
GAP = 100
def create_bubble():
x = WIDTH + GAP
y = randint(0, HEIGHT)
r = randint(MIN_BUB_R, MAX_BUB_R)
id1 = c.create_oval(x - r, y - r, x + r, y + r, outline='white')
bub_id.append(id1)
bub_r.append(r)
bub_speed.append(randint(1, MAX_BUB_SPD))
def move_bubbles():
for i in range(len(bub_id)):
c.move(bub_id[i], -bub_speed[i], 0)
from time import sleep, time
BUB_CHANCE = 10
#MAIN GAME LOOP
while True:
if randint(1, BUB_CHANCE) == 1:
create_bubble()
move_bubbles()
window.update()
sleep(0.01)
def get_coords(id_num):
pos = c.coords(id_num)
x = (pos[0] + pos[2])/2
y = (pos[1] + pos[3])/2
return x, y
def del_bubble(I):
del bub_r[I]
del bub_speed[I]
c.delete(bub_id[i])
del bub_id[I]
def clean_up_bubs():
for i in range(len(bub_id)-1, -1, -1):
x, y = get_coords(bub_id[I])
if x < -GAP:
del_bubble(I)
#MAIN GAME LOOP
while True:
if randint(1, BUB_CHANCE) == 1:
create_bubble()
move_bubbles()
clean_up_bubs()
window.update()
sleep(0.01)
from math import sqrt
def distance(id1, id2):
x1, y1 = get_coords(id1)
x2, y2 = get_coords(id2)
return sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)
def collision():
points = 0
for bub in range(len(bub_id)-1, -1, -1):
if distance(ship_id2, bub_id[bub]) < (SHIP_R + bub_r[bub]):
points += (bub_r[bub] + bub_speed[bub])
del_bubble(bub)
return points
score = 0
#MAIN GAME LOOP
while True:
if randint(1, BUB_CHANCE) == 1:
create_bubble()
move_bubbles()
clean_up_bubs()
score += collision()
print(score)
window.update()
sleep(0.01)
What is causing this error?

Major mistakes:
no main loop
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
root.mainloop()
https://tkdocs.com/tutorial/eventloop.html
all loops inside the main loop are created with the .after method
https://tkdocs.com/shipman/universal.html
when the window is closed, while cycles continue to work, so an error pops up _tkinter.TclError: invalid command name ".!canvas"*
and little things
c.delete(bub_id[i]) The variable "i" is not defined in the function.
x, y = get_coords(bub_id[I])
if x < -GAP:
del_bubble(I)
in this function does not define a large "I".

How to make that when the cube touches the circle, the circle moves to a random place on the field?

How to make that when touching (when the coordinates of two objects coincide) the cube to the circle, the circle moves to a random place on the field? Without using classes.
import random
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
root.title('Snake')
root["width"] = 400
root["height"] = 400
field = Canvas(root)
oval = field.create_oval(10, 20, 30, 40)
field.grid(row=0, column=0)
rectangle = field.create_rectangle(10, 20, 30, 40)
field.grid(row=0, column=0)
x = 0
y = 0
food_x = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
food_y = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
field.move(oval, food_x, food_y)
def food():
global food_x
global food_y
if x == food_x and y == food_y:
food_x = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
food_y = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
field.move(oval, food_x, food_y)
root.after(250, food)
food()
def position(event):
global x, y
if event.char in 'wasd':
x = 0
y = 0
if event.char == 'w':
y = -20
elif event.char == 'a':
x = -20
elif event.char == 's':
y = 20
elif event.char == 'd':
x = 20
def snake():
field.move(rectangle, x, y)
root.after(250, snake)
root.bind("<Key>", position)
snake()
food()
root.mainloop()

I think this shows how to do what you want. I've changed the name of your functions and variables to better reflect what they do or represent to make the code clearer. To detect whether the cube and circle are touching is accomplished by first retrieving the coordinates of their corresponding bounding-boxes via the coords() method common to all Canvas objects, before comparing them to determine whether any overlap exists.
I also changed how the food circle is move to a new positions because what you had was capable of moving it very far away from its current location, frequently completely off the field. The replacement code only moves it by the difference between where it currently is and a new position that's within the boundaries of the field.
import random
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
root.title('Snake')
root["width"] = 400
root["height"] = 400
DELAY = 250
field = Canvas(root)
field.grid(row=0, column=0)
food_obj = field.create_oval(10, 20, 30, 40)
snake_obj = field.create_rectangle(10, 20, 30, 40)
x, y = 0, 0
def move_food():
"""Move food to random location."""
food_coords = field.coords(food_obj)
x1 = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
y1 = random.randrange(0, 300, 20)
field.move(food_obj, x1-food_coords[0], y1-food_coords[1])
def check_collision():
"""If bounding box of snake and food overlap, move food to new position."""
a_x1, a_y1, a_x2, a_y2 = field.coords(food_obj)
b_x1, b_y1, b_x2, b_y2 = field.coords(snake_obj)
# Determine of bounding boxes overlap.
if a_x1 <= b_x2 and b_x1 <= a_x2 and a_y1 <= b_y2 and b_y1 <= a_y2:
move_food()
root.after(DELAY, check_collision)
def on_keypress(event):
global x, y
if event.char in 'wasd ':
x, y = 0, 0
if event.char == 'w':
y = -20
elif event.char == 'a':
x = -20
elif event.char == 's':
y = 20
elif event.char == 'd':
x = 20
def slither():
field.move(snake_obj, x, y)
root.after(DELAY, slither)
root.bind("<Key>", on_keypress)
move_food()
slither()
check_collision()
root.mainloop()